THE CEPHALOPODS

OF THE NORTHEASTERN COAST OF AMERICA |

PART Il

VERRILL

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THE CEPHALOPODS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN COAST OF AMERICA.

PAO sak Te.

THE SMALLER CEPHALOPODS, INCLUDING THE SQUIDS AND THE QOCTOPI, WITH OTHER ALLIED Forms.

By Aw sR VAR Bie

[FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE CONNECTICUT ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, VOL. V.]

New Haven, Conn., June, 1880—December, 1881.

Tur CEPHALOPODS OF THE NORTHEASTERN Coast OF AMERICA. By A. E. VERRILL.

Part II. THE SMALLER CEPHALOPODS, INCLUDING THE “‘ SQUIDS” AND THE OCTOPI, WITH OTHER ALLIED FORMS.

BEFoRE proceeding with the special subjects of this Part it seems desirable to describe in detail an important, though young and small, example of one of the gigantic species of Architeuthis, as a supple- ment to the first part of this article.

Description of a young example of Architeuthis Harveyi. PLATES XXVI and XXXVIII.

This specimen, which I have designated as No. 24, was received subsequent to the publication of the previous part of this article. It was found, dead and mutilated, floating at the surface, at the Grand Bank of Newfoundland, April, 1880, by Capt. O. A. Whitten and crew of the schooner “ Wm, H. Oakes,” and by them it was well pre- served and presented to the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. It is of great interest because it furnishes the means of completing the description of parts that were lacking or badly preserved in the larger specimens, especially the sessile arms and the buccal mem- branes.

The specimen consists of a part of the head with all the arms attached, and with the suckers in a good state of preservation on all the arms, though the tips of all the short arms, except one, are destroyed, and all of the arms are more or less injured on their outer surfaces. The jaws and buccal membranes are intact, with the odon- tophore and esophagus. Parts of the cartilaginous skull, with some of the ganglia and the collapsed eyes are present, but the external surface of the head is gone and the eyelids are badly mutilated. No part of the body was preserved. The tentacular-arms are in good preservation, with all the suckers present. Unfortunately the distal portions of both the ventral arms had been destroyed, so that the sex cannot be determined. The color of the head, so far as pre- served, and of the external surfaces of the sessile arms is much like that of the common squids,—a rather dark purplish brown, due to minute crowded specks of that color, thickly distributed, with a pink-

TRANS. Conn. ACAD., VOL. V. 32 JUNE, 1880,

260 A. I. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

ish white ground-color between them. The outer buccal membrane is darker; the inner surfaces of the arms are whitish ; the peduncular portions of the tentacular arms have fewer color-specks, and are paler than the other arms.

Reproduction of lost parts.

This creature had been badly mutilated long before its death, as its healed wounds show, and to this fact many of the imperfections of the specimen are due. At the time of its death, or subsequently, the extremities of the ventral arms and of the third right arm appear to have been destroyed, besides other injuries. But both the dorsal arms and both the lateral arms of the left side had previously been truncated at 12 to 13 inches from their bases. The ends had not only healed up entirely, but each one had apparently commenced to reproduce the lost portion. The reproduced part consists, in each case, of an elongated, acute, soft papilla, arising from the otherwise obtuse end of the arm. At its base one or two small suckers have already been reproduced, and minute rudiments of others can be detected on some of them. Whether these arms would have been perfectly restored in course of time is, perhaps, doubtful,* but there can be no doubt that a partial restoration would, at least, have been effected. On the basal half of several of the arms some of the suckers had also been previously lost, and these were all in the pro- cess of restoration. The restored suckers were mostly less than one half the diameter of those adjacent, and in some cases less than one- third. Among the restored suckers were some malformations. One has a double aperture, with a double horny rim. In one case two small suckers, with pedicels in close contact, occupy the place of a single sucker. In another instance a small pedicelled sucker arises from the pedicel of a larger one, near its base.

The arms and suckers.

With the exception of the left arm of the second pair, none of the sessile arms have their tips perfect. Therefore it is not possible to give their relative lengths. The dorsal arms are the smallest at base and the third pair largest. They are all provided with a rather nar- row marginal membrane along each border of the front side. These membranes are scarcely wide enough to reach to the level of the rims of the suckers, though they may have done so in life. The front margin, bearing the suckers is narrow on all the arms, but relatively

* That mutilations of the arms in species of Octopus are regularly restored is well- known, but it has been doubted whether this occurs in the ten-armed forms.

A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 261

wider on the ventrals than on any of the others. Each sucker-pedi- cel arises from a muscular cushion, that is slightly raised and rounded on the inner side; these, alternating on the two sides, leave a zigzag depression along the middle of the arm; from each of these cushions two thickened muscular ridges run outward to the edge of the lateral membranes, one on each side of the pedicels of the suckers. These transverse muscular ridges give a scolloped outline to the margin of the membranes. These marginal membranes are narrowest and the suckers are smallest on the ventral arms. The dorsal and lateral arms are strongly compressed laterally, but slightly swollen or con- vex in the middle, and narrowed externally to a carina, which is most prominent along the middle of the arms, and most conspicuous on the third pair of arms. The dorsal arms are rather more slender than the second pair, and were probably somewhat shorter.

The left arm of the second pair has the tip preserved, with all its suckers present. On this arm there are 330 suckers, in all. The total length of the arm is 26°25 inches. The first 50 suckers extend to 12°25 inches from the base; the next 50 occupy 4°5 inches; the next 50 cover 3°5; the next 100 occupy 4°25 inches; the last 80 occupy 1°75 inches, This arm is ‘80 of an inch in transverse diameter, near the base ; 1°20 inches from front to back; breadth of its front or sucker- bearing surface (without the lateral membranes), is, where widest, near the base of the arm, 50 of an inch; the width gradually decreases, to 18 of an inch at 20 inches from the base ; beyond this the arm tapers to a very slender tip, with numerous small crowded suckers in two regular rows. At the base (Plate XXVI, fig. 4) there is first one very small sucker ; this is succeeded by two or three much larger ones, increasing a little in size; beyond these are the largest suckers, extending to about the 25th, beyond which they gradually change their form and regularly diminish in size to the tips. The larger proximal suckers, up to the 25th to 30th, are rela- tively broader than those beyond, and have a wider and more open aperture, and a more even and less oblique horny ring, which is sharply denticulate around the entire circumference, with the denti- cles rather smaller on the inner than on the outer margin, but similar in form. These are about ‘31 of an inch in external diameter. They show a gradual transition to those with more oblique rims and smaller apertures. Beyond the 30th, the horny rims become de- cidedly more oblique and one-sided, with the denticles nearly or quite abortive on the inner side, and larger and more incurved on the outer margin, while the aperture becomes more contracted and oblique.

262 A. EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

At first there are 8 to 10 denticles on the outer margin, but these diminish in number as the suckers diminish in size, till at about 6 inches from the tip there are mostly but two or three, and the aper- ture is very contracted. Still nearer the tip there are but two, blunt ones; then these become reduced to a single bilobed one; and finally only one, which is squarish, appears in the minute suckers of the last two inches of the tip. The first two or three suckers at the base of the arm are more feebly denticulated than those beyond, with smaller apertures.

On many of the suckers (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 3) there are still remaining, in more or less complete preservation, a circle of minute horny plates arranged radially, or transversely, on the edge of the mem- brane around the aperture, similar in arrangement to those already described in the former part of this article (p. 230) on the suckers of Sthenoteuthis pteropus (Plate XXXVI, fig. 9). They are less devel- oped, however, than in that species, being thinner and more delicate, nor do their ends appear to turn up in the form of hooks. They seem to be generally very thin, oblong, scale-like structures, with rounded or blunt ends and slightly thickened margins. These struc- tures will probably be found to vary with age, and perhaps with the season. They appear to be easily desiduous, and are often absent in preserved specimens.

On the dorsal and third pairs of arms the suckers have essentially the same arrangement, form and structure, and on these three pairs of arms the larger suckers differ but slightly in size. The character and arrangement of the suckers on the distal portion of these arms is well shown on Plate X XVI, figs. 3, 3a, which represent a portion of one of the third pair of arms, commencing at the 67th sucker.

The ventral arms are trapezoidal in section, at base, and rather stout. Breadth of front surface, near the base, exclusive of mem- branes, °55; transverse diameter, °95; front to back, 1°25 inches. The sucker-bearing surface is, therefore, broader than in the other arms, The suckers are, however, distinctly smaller and the proximal ones are different in form from the corresponding ones on the other arms. They are narrower and deeper, with more oblique and more con- tracted apertures, more oblique horny rims, which are denticulated on the outer margins only. On the larger ones there are 12 to 15 sharp incurved denticles. In fact, the proximal suckers on the ventral arms agree better with the middle suckers, beyond the 30th, on the other arms, for there are none having wide open apertures, sur- rounded by nearly even horny rims, denticulated all around. The

A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

Young Architeuthis Harvey?.

263

Measurements of arms (in inches).

Near| At | At | At At base. | 5in. /10 in.) 15 in./20 in, Dorsal pair. Breadth of front, excluding membranes, - .-- ---- 2 S| HO, oSeXO SS Mee 2 Breadth of lateral membranes, ---------------- ae -20| -30) -20] _ : Diramereny transversely, 2225 22=-\4.'-5-2S>2-425— =a (Of G0) c4O0|s Se |) ae Wraseterstrom front, toback, 25-222 25 5— 2nee— SeePcOol 90s Ol- e2|) ore Second pair. (itiel! Wensily See ee Ree pe soee neces omemenec PASTY | tes Ue det el eH Vee Beeadthvot fromt,, 2-2 sh. 2. se eae gees oom ae -A0) 50) :35) -22) -18 ibreagibror membranes, =. 2. =. 222222222 Sse ls ae 27 tes Ol cilia lh ose ee Diameter; transversely, .....-.-2------- Eo Ste Slate Rte [SOP Golan cs0)Mcl6 Diameter tron to back, ..- +218 2j-222-.-\=-_- 22 1-20) 0:20)5-85|) 360) “40 Third pair. LBVRE ENGL TONG Ga Hf 0 FA ee ee ea Je X0)) SOLO) 0) | Breadth of membranes, 2. 2-+-.525--2- 252525 20) |ecLD| =e: || ee MagMeLerytrANSVeLSely,, 2-225 s2ecsa55- =e sa | IQ oO, oO) Sea se Diameter, front to back, ------- Fe kee JAY Se MOS EGO 20) 22 ee Fourth pair. eneadiiominront = S22 5222-3225 ues bec: eek ae 2Al() |i 5 cS Oe lee BRA GUM OL meMbrANeSs! 202 522 oles casas ae 2 0)\ mores] Ps rae Wianeter, transversely; -22222.--2---4-.-2.42 Bs 93/90) Pee ole. lie rameter front, tomback., 2240522555055 555 See CAO Hele ec |isee tts es Tentacular-arms. RotalWleneth, t. ss ok aes eee As ee 67° Bl) ress || S24 lef Rasonvorexpanslon Of Clube =o see ea = oe NS} (t5} (ae | NY Sey (ea 1s ae ameter oh slender porion,==s===22ss=> =e. AON esndieces ese Yoon | oe engihtohichiby-s2s2 226 3A eS eee CY PIGy ie A oy | ee eae [es Length of part occupied by 24 largest suckers,._| 4°25) _. | -- | -- | -- | -- Length of part occupied by small distal suckers,_| 260) __ | -- | -- | -- | -- Greatesin breadth of club;32-2 _S:8)15_2L 5-222 OID) Rosh oe a Vee ee Diameter tront to back, ..2.-s<..--2.5 <s2526 (XD) Rae | ee Sessile arms, from base to particular suckers. To | To To To To To To To 2th. | 50th. | 100th. | 150th. } 200th. | 250th. | 300th. | tip.

Dorsal pair, base to suckers, ----- ee | 12°25

Second pair, base to suckers,___._| 7°75) 12°25 16°75| 20-25 22-90 24°50) 25°75 26°25 Third pair, base to suckers, ------ 25) 22:25 as ws Se Fourth pair, base to suckers, ---_- 6:25) 10: || 16°50) 20:75)" __ Ae sss =e

Measurments of suckers of sessile arms (in inches).

a a a a

Sie) s| On Ist pair of arms, external diameter, ---.. --|°31 |°24 |-16 | __ On Ist pair of arms, aperture diameter, ____-__- SLO Cl Si esLO) lis On 2d pair of arms, external diameter, .__.--___ Bil | SBA |) PAN. | alls On 2d pair of arms, aperture diameter, --._____- 2be alse like 08 On 3d pair of arms, external diameter,_._____-_. GS Ws ASiel DD |e. = On 3d pair of arms, aperture diameter,.......-.|°22 |-18 |-12 | _- On 4th pair of arms, external diameter, _.._._._]°25 | -21 | -16 | +14 On 4th pair of arms, aperture diameter,__._-..._ 15 | 11 | 10 | 07

264 A, B. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

suckers diminish regularly in size, and in the number of denticles, till at the 200th (where the arms are broken off) there are but three denticles. |

Tentacular-arms. PLATE XXVI, fig. 2.

The tentacular-arms are both entire, with all the suckers well pre- served. The total length is 65 and 67 inches respectively ; length of the expanded portion or club, 8:25 inches; diameter of the peduncu- lar portion varies from ‘40 to “70 of an inch ; at the base, ‘90; breadth of the proximal part of the club, where it is broadest, *70; diameter from front to back, °60; external diameter of the largest suckers, °35 of an inch; height of their cups, ‘28; of lateral suckers, °18; of the largest marginal suckers on the distal portion, *14.

The peduncular portion is somewhat thickened and rounded at the base, but through most of its length it is slender, varying in size, and nearly triangular in section, with the corners rounded, each side measuring, where largest, “60 of an inch in breadth. At about a foot from the base the small smooth-rimmed suckers and their opposing tubercles begin to appear on the inner surface. At first these are placed singly and at considerable intervals (2°5 to 3°5 inches), each sucker alternating with a tubercle on each arm; further out they are nearer together, and towards the club they alternate, two by two, on each arm; near the commencement of the club they become more numerous and are arranged somewhat in two rows; just at the commencement of the club they become more crowded, forming three and then four oblique transverse rows of suckers, with the same number of tubercles alongside of them; on the basal expansion of the club, which is its thickest portion, these suckers and tubercles become very numerous, covering nearly the whole inner surface, form- ing rather crowded and irregular oblique rows of six or more. These smooth-rimmed suckers are followed by an irregular group of about twenty, somewhat larger, denticulated suckers, occupying the entire breadth for a very short distance. Then follow the two median rows of large suckers, alternating with a row of marginal ones, of about half their size, on each side. The first three or four large suckers of each row gradually increase in size; then follow six to eight nearly equal ones of the largest size; these are followed by two to four distal ones, decreasing in size. In one of the rows there are fourteen that distinctly belong to the large series; in the other row there are twelve. The distal section of the club is oceupied by

A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 265

four regular rows of small denticulated suckers, more strongly toothed on the outer margins, and similar in form to the marginal suckers of the middle region. Of these the two rows next the upper (?) margin are decidedly larger than those of the two lower (?) rows. Close to the tip there is a group of about a dozen minute suckers, with smooth even rims. The middle portion of the club is bordered on each side by a rather broad, thin scalloped membrane. The distal section has a broad keel on the outer margin.

Suckers of tentacular-arms.

WiamMeten Oimlanrestj mae eae metas ane = see ta aes ae Sane eae B35) Mere htroimlarcesty see e assem aes aeons ease ss ao one “28 Miametemoplateral sas ae oe ee ee Lem see ee cae solos ae 18 Hemitromlaterdlys sere en set eae ke her ee ee Bon Be ee soe oa “09

Diameter of smooth-rimmed ones, Wranretenmorm tubercles) == esse ae Of largest lateral ones of distal section, -====---==------.-------- 14 Of median lateral ones of distal section,

Buccal membranes and jaws. PLATE XXVI, fig. 7.

This specimen fortunately had the buccal membranes and other parts about the mouth perfectly preserved, which has not been the case in the large specimens. The outer buccal membrane is broad and thin, rather deeply colored externally. Its margin extends into seven acute angles—one of which is opposite each of the lateral and ventral arms, but on the dorsal side there is only one, which corresponds to the interval between the two dorsalarms. From each of these angles a membrane runs to, and for a short distance along the side of the opposite arm, except from the dorsal one, which sends off a membrane which divides, one part going to the inner lateral surface of each dorsal arm. The membranes from the upper lateral and ventral angles join the upper lateral sides of their corresponding arms; those from the lower lateral angles go to the lower lateral sides of the third pair of arms. The inner surface of the buccal membrane is whitish and deeply and irregularly reticulated by con- spicuous, soft, wrinkles and furrows, which become somewhat con- centric toward the margin. Beneath this membrane are openings to the aquiferous cavities. The inner buccal membrane, immediately surrounding the beak, is whitish, thickened at the margin, and strongly irregularly wrinkled and puckered.

The jaws have sharp, dark brown tips, changing to clear brown backward, with the lamine very thin, transparent, and whitish. The

266 A, FE, Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

upper mandible has the rostrum regularly curved, with a distinct ridge, in continuation with its inner edges, extending down the sides, and only a slight notch at its base.

The lower mandible has a notch close to the tip, with the rest of the inner edge nearly straight; at the base is a rather large and wide V-shaped notch; the tooth beyond it being broad-triangular and rather large; beyond the tooth the ale are white, soft and cartil-

aginous. Measurements of’ jaws (in inches). Transverse diameterof buccal mass) e222 see eee 1°50 Wertieall dian S terse lo CCE eri 2s sae are ee ee eee 1:70 Upper Mandible : MOTO Gneh GM iroMeA ENON, ooo 2 cos genecnsasesldersesenGass 1:25 Hipwto moths - 22... Ses ey ee ee ee eee “37 Ripytomaterallsoord engote emai eyes eran a ae ee ee aan Lower Mandible : ‘Pinto border omen tums eee nee ne eee we aye “45 Mipytoslateral vb order otgallas pecs ee yee eu oe ae “10 Tipit sinner endoitaleews sass s5 tote eee ee oa oe ee 1:02 Tip stobottomiotemoichtaeso2= oases -t eee ooo. eee eee “32 Heightiomtooth ee aaee ere = Se Sao ee See ee 8 See 06 Notchstomnneriendiomale]--- see ae a A eee gers “80 Ment umetomnneren cmon alco sr ae ese ae ee eee 1°20

The portion of the esophagus preserved is 14°75 inches long and about ‘15 of an inch broad, in its flattened condition,

The odontophore (Plate XX XVIII, figs. 1, 2) is amber-color, *18 of an inch broad. The tridentate median teeth have moderately long but not very acute points, of which the middle one is a little the longest. The inner lateral teeth are bidentate and somewhat broader and longer than the median ones; their outer denticle is well-developed, but considerably shorter than the inner one. The next to the outer lateral teeth are larger at base and much longer, simple, broad, tapering, flattened, slightly curved, acute at tip. They appear not to have the small lateral denticle observed on the corresponding teeth of the adult Architeuthis (see Plate XVIa, figs. 1, 2). The outer lateral teeth are similar to the preceding, but rather larger and not quite so broad at base. The marginal plates are well-developed, thin, somewhat rhomboidal.

The internal cavity of the ears is somewhat irregularly three-lobed, with several rounded papille projecting inward from its sides, very much as in those of Ommastrephes. Each ear contained two irregular- shaped otoliths, one of which (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 4) was much larger than the other, in each ear.

The eyes were both burst, and most of their internal structure was destroyed. So far as preserved they closely agree with those of

A, FE. Verrill-—North American Cephalopods. 267

Ommastrephes. The eye-balls were large and somewhat oblong in form, and appear to have been nearly two inches broad and three long. The eye-lids are badly mutilated, but the anterior sinus can be imperfectly made out. It seems to have been broad and rounded. The aquiferous cavities appear to have been like those of Omma- strephes. The form and structure of the cartilaginous ‘ brain-box ’ also appear to be essentially the same as in the genus last named.

Ommastrephes. Ommastrephes (pars) D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Merid., 1835; Cephal. Acétabulifers, p. 341.

Body elongated, pointed posteriorly. Caudal fin broad, trans- versely rhomboidal. Pen narrowed behind the middle, with a strong median rib and large marginal ribs on each side; near the posterior end thin and concave, expanded into a lanceolate form, with the tip infolded and slightly hooded. Head large. Eyes with lids, having a distinct sinus in front.

Arms stout, the third pair stoutest, with a dorsal keel; all the arms have marginal membranes exterior to the suckers. Suckers of the arms deep and oblique, with horny rims which are strongly denticulate on the outer margin, the median tooth usually largest. Tentacular-arms rather long and contractile, stout, with a moderately wide terminal club, which has along its middle region two rows of large central suckers, and a row of smaller marginal ones alternating with them, on each side; proximal part of club with small denticu- late suckers only; distal part of club with four to eight rows of small denticulate suckers.

Siphon-tube placed in a depression of the under side of the head, and attached to the head by a lateral bridle on each side, behind the eyes, and by a pair of bridles on its dorsal surface, at the bottom of the depression in which it is lodged. Terminal orifice transversely elliptical, furnished with an internal valve.

Mantle-fastenings (‘apparatus of resistance’), situated on the basal extension of the siphon, consist, on the ventral side, of two large triangular bosses, with an elongated and somewhat ear-shaped longi- tudinal fosse, and a shallower transverse one; and on each side of the inner surface of the mantle, of a corresponding short, raised, longi- tudinal ridge, swollen posteriorly, and a lower transverse ridge, which fit closely into the fosses. The dorsal side of the head has a median, longitudinal facet, that fits upon its counterpart on the mantle, over the anterior part of the pen, which gives it Support.

TRANS. CONN. ACAD., VOL. V. 33 JUNE, 1880,

268 A, E. Verrill-—North American Cephalopods.

The nuchal lamellze are formed by a transverse tegumentary fold behind the eyes, from which run backward, on each side, three longi- tudinal lamellze, which are delicate, and have a sensory (perhaps olfactory) function.

Buccal membrane seven-angled, thin, corrugated on the inner sur- face, destitute of suckers.

Branchial auricles, and gills large. Liver and stomach voluminous.

The male has one of the ventral arms (which may be either right or left in our species) hectocotylized near the tip, by enlargement and flattening of the bases of the sucker-stalks, while their cups become small or abortive.

The female has oviducts developed on both sides, but they are small, and simple, opening far back. Two pairs of nidamental glands, which are small and simple.

Ommastrephes illecebrosa Verrill. (Short-finned squid.)

Loligo illecebrosa Lesueur, Journ. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 95, Plate 10, figs. 18-21, 1821 (figures incorrect). Blainville, Dict. des Sci. nat., vol. xxvii, p. 142, 1823. Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. I, p. 318, 1841 (habits). Loligo piscatorum La Pylaie, Ann. des Sci. nat., iv, p. 319, 1825, Pl. 16 (habits as observed at Saint Pierre). Ommastrephes sagittatus (pars) D’Orbig., Cephal. Acétab., p. 345, Plate 1, figs. 1-3 (after Lesueur). Gray (pars), Catalogue Moll. of British Mus., Part I, Cephal. Antep., p. 58, 1849. Binney, in Gould’s Invert. Mass., ed. I, p. 510, 1870 (excl. syn.), Pl. 26, figs. 341-4 [341 is imperfect],* not Plate 25, fig. 339. Tryon (pars), Man. Conch., I, p. 177, Pl. 78, fig. 342 (very poor, after Lesueur), Pl. 79, fig. 343, 1879 (not Plate 78, figs. 341, 345). A Ommastrephes illecebrosa Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. iii, p. 281, 1872 (synonymy) ; Report on Invert. Viney. Sd., etc., 1873, pp. 441 (habits), 634 (deser.); Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xix, p. 289, April, 1880.

Plates XXVIII; XXIX, figs. 5,5a; XXXVII, fig. 8; XX XIX.

Body, in the younger specimens, long and slender; in the adults, especially when the stomach is distended with food, and in the breeding season, rather stout; most so in the gravid female; in pre- served specimens the apparent stoutness of the body depends very much upon whether the mantle was in a contracted or expanded

* This species is not well figured in the last edition of Gould’s Invertebrates. Plate 25, fig. 339, which Mr. Binney refers to it, really represents a Loligo. Plate 26, figs. 341-344 (erroneously referred to Loligopsis pavo), was doubtless made from a specimen of this species, but if so, the long arms were incorrectly drawn, and confused with the short arms.

A, E., Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 269

state when the animal died. Caudal fin transversely rhomboidal, or broad spear-shape, about one-third wider than long; its breadth usually less than half the length of the mantle; the posterior borders are nearly straight and form nearly a right angle at the posterior end; the anterior margins are somewhat convexly rounded, and the front margin extends, at the sides of the body, considerably forward beyond the insertion of the fin. Ratio of fin-length to mantle-length 1: 2°48 to 1:3-00 (the latter in the young ones). Average propor- tions in eight adult specimens: of fin-length (from insertion) to length of dorsal side of mantle, about 1: 2°55; breadth of fin to length of mantle, average, 1: 1°90; length of head (dorsal edge of mantle to base of arms) to mantle-length, average, 1: 7°15.

The head is large, well-rounded; the exposed portion is shorter than broad, its breadth about equals that of the body, in ordinary contraction; its sides, in the region of the eyes, are somewhat swollen; the under surface is flattened, and has a deep excavation in front, semi-circular, or rather semi-elliptical, in outline, to receive the dorsal half of the siphon-tube, which fits into it closely.

The sides of the head, back of the eyes, have a rather prominent, transverse ridge, back of which the head suddenly narrows, to the neck. The transverse ridges curve backward slightly and meet on the dorsal side of the head, where they are less prominent. Three thin, lamelliform, erect folds of the skin extend backward from the transverse ridge, on each side of the head; of these the middle or lateral one is about in line with the lower eye-lid; the upper one is, at its origin, about midway between the latter and the median dorsal line, but its posterior edge bends downward and joins that of the one below; the lowest of the three is shorter and curves upward, and finally joins the middle one, at its posterior edge. These folds form, therefore, in connection with the transverse ridge, two well-defined lateral areas or facets, of delicate and probably very sensitive integu- ment, placed just in front of the mantle-opening, on each side, where they must be bathed by the inflowing currents of water. It seems probable to me, therefore, that they are the seat of a special sense, analogous to, if not identical with, that of smell. They are, also, closely connected with the organs of hearing, and may be of some service in concentrating sound-vibrations. A small pore is situated within the lower facet.

The pupils are round and the eyes are large, though the opening between the lids is usually rather small, especially in alcoholic speci- mens. In these the aperture is usually contracted to a small obliquely transverse, irregular-triangular form, or even to a narrow oblique slit ;

270 A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

when more open the aperture is still usually somewhat angular; the anterior sinus is narrow and extends downward and forward.

The eye-lids form, when nearly expanded, an irregular oval, the longest diameter placed transversely and somewhat obliquely, while the narrow and deep sinus extends forward and somewhat downward. When partly closed (Plate X XIX, fig. 5) the opening between the lids generally becomes more oblong and sometimes approaches a triangular form.

The mantle is thick and very muscular; its anterior margin has a concave outline beneath, forming a slightly prominent angle on each side; from these angles it advances somewhat to the slight median dorsal angle, which projects forward but little, and does not form a distinct lobe, and sometimes it is hardly noticeable, even as an angle, the transverse outline of the edge on the dorsal side being, in that case, nearly straight, or advancing a very little in the middle.

The sessile arms are rather stout, tapering to acute tips. The dorsal arms are a little smaller and shorter than the others; the second and third pairs are nearly equal in size and length, the second often a trifle the longer; those of the fourth pair are usually inter- mediate in Jength between the first and second pairs.

All the sessile arms are stout and armed with similar suckers. Along their inner angles, outside the suckers, they are all similarly provided with marginal membranes, which rise to about the same height as the suckers, on each side. Just proximal to each sucker on the inner face of the arm, arises a thickened, transverse, muscular fold, that extends to the edge of the lateral membrane, which often recedes between their extremities, so as to have a scolloped outline.

The dorsal arms are a little shorter and decidedly smaller than the others. The two lateral pairs of arms are stoutest and longest, and nearly equal, sometimes one pair and sometimes the other, being longest. The ventral arms are a little longer than the dorsal and shorter than the lateral ones. The dorsal and upper-lateral arms are trapezoidal in section, with the inner face rather broad. The dorsal arms have a slightly elevated, median dorsal fold, commencing near the base and running to the tip. Those of the second pair have a broader, membranous fold on the lower-outer angle, along the whole length. Those of the third pair are stouter than the others, and much compressed laterally, with the outer surface rounded, close to the base, but becoming compressed and keeled farther out, and having a high median ridge along its middle region, becoming narrow toward the tip. The ventral arms are trapezoidal in section, with a narrow fold

A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 271

along the outer angle, which is acute, while the ventral angle is rounded.

The tentacular-arms (Plate XXVIII, figs. 1a, 2) are long; when extended, in fresh specimens, they reach back beyond the base of the caudal fin. They are rather stout, rounded-trapezoidal along the peduncular portion; along the upper-outer angle a thin fold runs from the base to the tip, becoming a wide carina on the backside of the club; two less marked folds run along the inner angles, defining a narrow inner face, along the whole length, but on this face there are no suckers, except close to where it begins to expand into the broader face of the club; along the sides of the club, the marginal membranes become much wider, rising to a level with the suckers.

In the male of our species, one of the ventral arms (Plate XX VITI, figs. 3, 3a) is strongly hectocotylized, somewhat as in Loligo. But in this species it is the right arm, about as often as the left, that is modified. Toward the tip of the arm, for some distance, the pedicels of the suckers, especially of the outer row, become shorter, and the bases of the sucker-stalks become larger, broader, and transversely compressed, while the cups of the suckers themselves decrease rapidly, till they become very minute, and on a number of the most flattened and largest stalks, they are entirely abortive, in the case of the medium sized males, but, very close to the tip, they may again become normal, The inner row of suckers is more or less modified, in a similar manner; but fewer of the sucker stalks are affected, and these are, usually, not so extensively altered, though in the larger males many of them are commonly destitute of cups and have the same flat- tened form as those of the outer row, with which they are usually united along the median line of the arm, forming a zigzag ridge. In a very large male (J), with the right ventral arm modified, the alteration of the sucker-stalks becomes obvious at about the 45th sucker, and there are, beyond this, about 80 modified suckers, ex- tending to the very tip; of these about 30, in the outer row, are represented only by the flat, lamelliform bases of the sucker-stalks, without cups; on the inner row, the small cups extend for about ten suckers farther than on the outer. The lamelliform processes are united medially in a zigzag line, along the entire tip. The modified part is about an inch in length. This arm is as long as its mate, (though in other specimens it is often shorter); but it is broader, stouter, and more blunt at tip, both the inner face and lateral membrane being in- creased in width. The younger males, 4 to 6 in. long, have the corre- sponding suckers less extensively modified, and the cups, though very much reduced in size, are usually present on all or nearly all the stalks.

272 A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

The portion of the tentacles which bears suckers is always less than half the whole length. The relative size of the suckers varies greatly in both sexes, perhaps in connection with a periodical renewal of their horny rings.

The club is long and moderately broad, gradually widening from the peduncular part of the arm, and tapering at the end to a rather blunt, flattened and curved tip, which is strongly carinated on the outer side by a thin lamina. The suckers commence a short distance in advance of the expansion of the club. They are at first small, deep cup-shaped, and somewhat scattered, in two alternate rows, but all of these small ones have oblique rims, strongly denticulated on the outer margin with four or five long incurved teeth, while the inner edge is smooth. Of the small ones, before the commencement of the two median rows of large suckers, there are from ten to fifteen.

The middle region of the club is occupied by two rows of large suckers (fig. 7) and by a row of small marginal ones, on each side, alternating with the large ones. The uppermost of the two rows of large suckers contains one or two more suckers than the lower, and they are also larger. The number in the upper row is seven to nine, in the lower five to seven, the largest specimens having the greater number. Of these, the three to five middle ones in each row are decidedly the largest and have the edge of the marginal ring nearly smooth and even; at each end of each row the suckers diminish in size and the edge becomes denticulate, at first by the formation of narrow incisions, which leave broad, stout, blunt denticles; but as the suckers diminish in size these become longer, narrower and more acute; their inner margins remain smooth. The large suckers are broad and moderately deep, somewhat swollen below, and a little oblique. The marginal suckers are much smaller, shallower, more oblique, and have the entire rim finely and sharply denticulate, the den- ticles being longer and strongly incurved on the outer margin. Beyond the rows of large suckers there is, at first, a small group of sharply denticulate suckers, in four rows, resembling the marginal ones in form and size; but these rapidly decrease in size and are succeeded by eight crowded rows of very small suckers, with minute apertures, which occupy the entire face of the terminal section to the tip.

The suckers of the sessile arms are largest on the two lateral pairs, on which they are nearly equal, and the largest are about the same in size as those on the tentacular-club ;* those of the ventral arms are smallest; those of the dorsal arms are intermediate in size between

* In the males the tentacular suckers are usually the smaller; in the females often the larger.

A. E. Verrill— North American Cephalopods. 273

those of the lateral and ventral arms. The first few suckers (three to five), at the base of each arm, are smaller than those beyond, but increase regularly in size; they have the edge of the rim nearly entire, or with only a few blunt teeth on the outer margin; then follow about twelve suckers, of the largest size. These large suckers (Plate XXVIII, figs. 5, 5a) are deep, oblique cup-shaped, somewhat swollen in the middle, with oblique horny rims, which are entire on the inner margin, but on the outer have a large, strongly incurved, acute median tooth, on each side of which there are usually four or five shorter, flat, blunt teeth; but toward the base of the arms these are fewer and shorter, while distally they become more numerous, longer, and more acute, and often the edge is more or less denticulate nearly all around. The larger suckers are followed by a regularly de- creasing series of thirty to forty smaller secondary ones (figs. 6, 6a), not counting the numerous very small ones, within one-third of an inch of the tip. These secondary suckers grade gradually into the large or primary ones, both in size and form; they are, however, armed with four or five very sharp incurved teeth, on the outer margin, of which the median one is longest, while the inner margin is usually entire. They are very oblique and one-sided in form. The membrane around the rim of all the suckers is thickened, but most so on the basal ones; it usually recedes behind the large median tooth, leaving there an emargination.

The outer buccal membrane is not very large; its inner surface is closely covered with lamelliform folds and wrinkles; its border is prolonged into seven acute angles, from which membranes extend to the opposite arms, going to the upper sides of the second and fourth pairs of arms; to the lower side of the third pair; but the seventh angle is in the median dorsal line, and the membrane from it bifur- cates, one-half going to the inner side of each dorsal arm. Imme- diately around the jaws there is a circular, thickened, rugose oral membrane, with a strongly lobed edge, while its inner surface is radially wrinkled and covered with scattered rounded verruce. A plain fold intervenes between this and the outer buccal membranes.

The jaws are sharp and incurved at tip, reddish brown to brownish black in color, with the posterior borders of the laminz whitish and translucent. The upper mandible has a much incurved tip, with the cutting edges regularly curved, and with a shallow notch at their bases, beyond which the anterior edges rise into a broad obtuse lobe or low tooth, by which the hardened and dark-colored part, as seen by transmitted light, has the form of a sharp angular tooth, but its

274 A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

actual projection anteriorly is but slight, because the translucent edge beyond it rises to about the same level. The lateral-posterior borders of the frontal laminz are sinuous and incurved in the middle; the palatine lamina is broad, with the posterior lateral edges incurved and sinuous.

The lower mandible has the extreme tip strongly incurved, forming a slight notch, close to the tip, below which the edges are slightly incurved or nearly straight, with a decided V-shaped notch at the base; the anterior edges, beyond the notch, form a triangular tooth of the inner laminz, but this is obscured, unless viewed by trans- mitted light, by the outer alar laminz, which rises at its anterior edge, which is translucent, nearly to a level with the tooth; the inner ends of the alee are wider than the middle, and broadly rounded ; the gular lamin are short, narrowed posteriorly, with their inner edges incurved, and with a thickened, prominent ventral carina.

The jaws of a large specimen measure as follows: upper mandible, tip to posterior end of palatine lamina, 22™; to dorsal end of frontal lamina, 16; to posterior lateral edge of same, 9; to base of cutting edge, 5; inner edge of palatine lamina to dorsal end of frontal lamina, 17. Lower mandible, tip to inner end of ale, 13"; to ven- tral notch of ale, 4; to ventral notch of gular lamine, 9; to posterior end of same, 16; to base of cutting edges, 5.

The buccal mass has, on the outer surface of the dorsal and lateral sides, a broad, thin, brown horny plate, with a notch posteriorly, in the median line.

The odontophore (Plate XXXVII, fig. 8), is remarkable for the length and sharpness of the teeth, especially of the central and outer rows. The median teeth have along and very acute median denticle, with much shorter lateral ones. The inner lateral teeth have broad bases and a long and very sharp central denticle, with a much shorter lateral one, on the outside. The next to the outer lateral teeth are simple, slender and sharp. The outer lateral teeth are much longer, strongly curved, and very acute.

The pen (Plate XXVIII, fig. 4) is long and slender, with a slender midrib and strong marginal ribs; the anterior end is thin, broad pen- shaped, subacute; from very near the anterior end it tapers gradu- ally backward to about the posterior fourth, where it becomes very narrow, apparently consisting only of the consolidated lateral ribs and midrib, the former showing on the ventral side a thin groove between them, the latter appearing as a slender ridge on the dorsal side. The posterior portion is narrow-lanceolate in form, with thin

A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 275

edges, and a strong midrib, composed of the united marginal ribs of the anterior portion; the thin edges are incurved, so as to give a canoe-shaped form to this portion, and near the tip, the edges unite beneath into a short hood-like tip. Anteriorly the lateral ribs show two grooves on the ventral side, and appear to be composed of three united ribs.

The ground-color of a specimen taken by me, in 1870, at Eastport, Maine, when first caught, was pale bluish-white, with green, blue and yellow iridescence on the sides and lower surface; the whole body, head, and outer surfaces of arms and fins were more or less thickly covered with small, unequal, circular, orange-brown and dark brown spots, having crenulate margins; these spots were continually chang- ing in size, from mere points, when they were nearly black, to spots 1™" to 1°5™™" in diameter, when they were pale orange-brown, becom- ing lighter colored as they expanded. On the lower side of body, head, and siphon the spots were more scattered, but the intervals were generally less than the diameter of the spots. On the upper side the spots were much crowded and in different planes, with the edges often overlapping, thus increasing the variety of the tints. Along the mid- dle of the back the ground-color was pale flesh-color, with a distinct median dorsal band, along which the spots were more crowded and tinged with green, in fine specks. Above each eye there was a broad lunate spot of light purplish red, with smaller and much crowded brown spots. The upper surface of the head was deeply colored by the brown spots, which were here larger, darker, and more crowded than elsewhere, and situated in several strata. The under sides of the arms and fins were colored like the body, except that the spots were smaller and much less numerous. The suckers were pure white. The eyes were dark, blue-black, surrounded by an iridescent border.

The colors change constantly, when living or recently dead, by means of the continual contraction and dilation of the chromato- phores. The different tints pass over the surface like blushes.

In specimens recently preserved in alcohol, the same pattern of coloration is usually visible. The dark dorsal band on the body and head, and the dark patches above the eyes, as well as smaller dark patches in front of the eyes, can be plainly seen. In these darker parts the chromatophores are much crowded, and have a purplish brown color, varying to chocolate-brown in specimens longer pre- served. On other parts of the body the chromatophores are more scattered and usually reddish brown in color, with a circular or ellip-

tical outline ; when expanded, the larger ones are about 1™™ in diam- Trans. CONN. ACAD., VOL. V. 34 JUNE, 1880.

276 A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

eter. The under surfaces of the fins, siphon, head, and arms have fewer and smaller spots, and are, therefore, lighter colored, and appear nearly white when these spots are contracted.

A fresh specimen, caught in Casco Bay, in 1873, had the following proportions: Length of head and body, not including the arms, 221"; length of caudal fin, 86; breadth of fin, 90; diameter of body, 35; length of upper arms, 80; of second pair, 100; of third pair, 100; of the ventral pair, 90; of tentacular-arms, 182™™,

Of our species, I have measured large numbers of specimens, pre- served in different ways, and also fresh, and have found no great vari- ation in the form and relative length of the caudal fin, among speci- mens of similar size and in similar states of preservation, nor do the sexes differ in this respect. The young, however, differ very de- cidedly from the large specimens in these respects. The modes of preservation also cause much of the variation in the proportions of fins and arms to the mantle. The two sexes are probably equally numerous, but in our collections the females usually predominate, and the largest specimens are usually females, though equally large males oceur. In 31 measured specimens, in alcohol, from various localities and of both sexes, the average length, from tip of tail to dorsal edge of the mantle, was 176™" (6°96 inches); from tip of tail to inser- tion of fin, 66"™ (2°60 inches) ; average proportion of fin to mantle- length, 1: 2°68. Among these the proportions varied from as low as 1: 2°48, in some of the larger ones (with mantle above 8 inches), up to 1: 3°00, in the smaller ones (with the mantle less than 3 inches long).

The following tables are intended to illustrate the natural varia- tion in the proportions, due mainly to age, and tbe accidental varia- tions caused by differences in the modes of preservation and strength of the alcohol.

The specimens from Eastport, Me., designated G. H. I. R., were collected at one time, in midsummer, and preserved in the same way, in alcohol of moderate strength, repeatedly changed; at the present time the strength of the alcohol is about 80 per cent. They are in good condition, moderately firm and not badly contracted. Those designated as D. E. F. N. O. P., were also collected at one time, in August, and preserved together. They are in fair condition, but not so well preserved as the former lot. Those numbered ii to xiv were preserved together, about the last of July. They were placed in strong alcohol and are hard and badly contracted. J. K. and L. were preserved together, but were originally found dead on the beach and in a relaxed state. They are only moderately contracted by the alcohol.

Ee

A. E. Verrill— North American Cephalopods. 277 Measurements of Ommastrephes illecebrosa (in inches). Og|Pe|De/Eg|Jé | 16 | RS | WS | Fresh Tail to tip of dorsal arms, ------ 13°40)13°00]12°75|10°50)13°50|10°50/10°50} 8-25) __ Tail to tip of second pair arms,--|14°20/13°70} -- | -- |14°30)10°80)11°10) -- | -. Tail to tip of third pair arms, -- -|14°20 13°70/13°25)11-00}14:20)J1-00)11-20) -- ds Tail to tip of fourth pair arms, --|13°10/13°60| -. | -- |13°40)10°60)11°00} -. | ~~ Tail to tip of tentacular-arms, - - -|16°50.17°50/15°5 |12°00)15°50/12°20)12°50/ -_ | _- Tail to base of dorsal arms, - - --- 10:00} 9:40] 9:00} 7°$0}10°00) 8°30) 8°20} 6°50} 8°84 Tail to center of eye, ---------- 9°30) 8:90] 8°25) 7:35) 9:50) 7°75) 7-70) _- | -- Tail to edge of mantle, above, - -- 8:60} 8:00] 7°75] 7-10] 8°70) 7-50} 7-20) 5°70) __ Tail to edge of mantle, below,---| 8°20) 7°50) 7°30) -- | 8°10) T15| 6°65) 5:38) __ Tail to insertion of fin,--------- 3°30! 3:20) 3°10] 2°75] 3°50) 2°90) 2°80} 2°10) 3-44? JEYaGS (ayo sila ee ee ee 4°20! 4:30) 4°25! 3°78] 5°15! 3°80] 3°90! 2°65) 3-60 Distance between lateral inser- TOMA ee Sees aye eee a = — *b0} -40) <°65) <45) —-- 38 aye Front edge, outer angle to inser- OM, 252 Qceen Sane os Heese 2°20] 2°20] 2°00) 1°90) 2°50) 2°80] 2°10) 1:45) _- Back edge, outer angle to tip of CaM oA eS ee 3°30] 3:25] 3°15] 2:90) 3°50] 3°00] 2°90} 2°00) _- Circumference of body, -------- ALSO e4>80| meee een O00 4301042001) 2. ee ipecadehyol body, ..-=.<-2+ss5-- OW lGO eee een alto les O i 40 ie O sl -40 Breadth of head at eyes, ------- 1:60} 1°50] 1°35) 1°15} 1°65] 1:20} 1:30) 1:00] _- Breadth of eye-opening, ---- ---- “AQl > A2bi) :35| == SOlys2 Ol ero) e520 ae Breadth of siphon at bridle, _---| 75] °70| °65) °55| °78) °60) °55) -. | -- Length of head, mantle to base of Honmaarmss = 252-2222 Vou ee 1°40] 1°40) 1:25) -80) 1:30] -80) 1:00) 80) -- Leneth of dorsal arms, --------- 3°75| 3°60| 3°25) 2°70) 2°65) 2°20] 2°43] 1-75} 3-20 Menethvor 2d: pair, .2 22.225. 4:30| 4°20] 4:00} 3°15} 4:40} 2°70) 3°12) 2°25) 4:00 Mengimonso pair, -.2-.222-2.=- 4:10| 4°25] 4:00} 3°00} 4°55} 2°67) 3°15) 2°25) 4-00 ienethvof 4th’ pair, .-...--.---- 3:60] 3°80] 3°50] 2°86] 3°80] 2°43) 2°75) 2°00] 3°60 Length of tentacular-arms, ---.- 6°80| 8:00] 6°50} 4:00} 5°80) 4:00) 4°10} 4°50) 7-28 Menothvoirelub, = .25.-2+s2s22- = 3°30) 3:50) 2:75) 1:85) 2°65) 1-75) 1°90) 1-30) —_- Breadth of dorsal arms, ..-.---- Bil] este 7) Sekai esta) Sea TO) | = PAN 2 breadth of 2d pair, .----------- 24D |) SAA S35 30)) 9245) 3a) 7S HO ae Breadinior o@ pair, —---.==..--- 24 be 44S 5S een oo ees 2210 peer ipreagtoyor 4th pair, _.-..==-=-- A 3 BIO) aa Pola a 22/5) Breadth of tentacular-arms, - ---~- 25-28), “30 sO 28) -20\ eo “alts Se mreqGauaom cup, = = .2..s-<<=-- BIO) Bt0) ey! calfely S25) Ae Ses ae Front to back of 3d pair, ------- EGDI «260 9:50) e4 Ollees6D) esto aeons neers || ee Diameter of Suckers: Largest on tentacular-arms, - -- - - SHH Or meals! Ea) ASH ACO ila eh ie Marcas tron sd) pair,.225-2--<--% “HS eG) aA eT UI ts 271) ste ee ee Largest on ventral arms, ------. HN ANG OR a SO a 23 Proportions : Length of fin to mantle length, 1:| 2°60) 2°50) 2°50) 2°58) 2°48) 2°58) 2°57) 2-71) -- Breadth of fin to mantle length, 1:| 2°04 1°86) 1°82] 1°87) 1°69) 1°97) 1°84) 2°15) _- Length* to breadth of fin, 1: --_| 1°27] 1°34) 1°37] 1°37) 1°46} 1°30) 1°39) 1°26) -- Length of head to mantle, 1: __-| 6°14] 5°70] 6°20] 8°87| 6°70] 9°30) 7°20] 7°12) --

The same specimens, included both in this and

the following tables, show small

differences in their measurements (made at different times), due partly to the different degrees of extension employed in measuring them, and partly to the fact that the alcohol had been changed, and its strength altered.

* The length of the fin, in these tables, means the distance from the lateral inser- tions to the tip of the tail, which is somewhat less than the extreme length.

A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

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A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

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280 A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

Coast of Rhode Island (Verrill) to Cumberland Gulf (Kumlein). Abundant from Cape Cod to Newfoundland. Newport, R. I (U. 8. Fish Com.) Vineyard Sd., Mass., rare, large in winter, small in May (V. N. Edwards).

Ommastrephes illecebrosa.—Specimens examined.

Specimeus. No. Locality. When Collected. Received from. No. Sex. 10280 Newport, R. 1. 1872 U.S. Fish Com. |1 young. 10027, J. |Vineyard Sound. Noy. 2, 1876] V. N. Edwards |1 4, left-hand. 10027, Ke ivi be ag 7s vc iss 1 Q 10027, L. : : i : : ft 19 M. u a May, 1876 bg 14, r.-hand. W. Provincetown, Mass. July, 1879 | U. 8. Fish Com. |1 ¢, fig’d. vc (zs ac os cb a3 4 bs iT t 7: “ 7 : By) “ 79 cb ‘ iy “ 3 young. dep tb a “6 cc 66 6 Ana dupl se Salem, Mass. Oct. 25,1873] J. H. Emerton |1 2 ae Gloucester, Mass. 1878 U.S. Fish Com. |1 young S. T. U. |Caseo Bay, Me. 1873 U.S. Fish Com. |3 9 X. Off Seguin I., Me. (50 fath.) 1879 (lot. 517) U.S.F.C.}1 9 young. ae Mt. Desert, Me. 1860 A. EK. Verrill |50+4, large. oe Off Cashe’s Ledge. 1873 (loc. 21)} U. 8. Fish Com. |1, mutilated. 9693, G. |Eastport, Me. 1870 A. EE. Verrill |19, large. 9693, H.I a ie i 2 4, left-hand. NESE, TR, Ob ee 2 rs n 14, r.-hand. D. KE. F o a 1872 U. 8. Fish Com. |3 ¢, large. Ish, (0), IP “ “ u 6 “ 39 Pt ia a3 cs cb ce 1 young. ae Halifax, N. 8. a R. Willis | Smithsonian 1 young. 10028 We i J. M. Jones J. M. Jones |1 9, large. 10278, Q. |Newfoundland. ¢ . 1¢, large. ae Cumberland Gulf. L. Kumlein | Nat. Museum |] mutilated.

Several of the smaller specimens, included in this list, are so young that it is impossible to determine their sex with certainty, without dissection. The hectocotylization of the ventral arm in the male is scarcely recognizable in those with the mantle less than 4 inches long.

The Mediterranean form, usually identified with the var. 6, of Loli- go sagittata Lamarck, 1799,* is closely related to our species, but if the published figures and descriptions can be relied upon, it can hardly be identical, as D’Orbigny and other writers have considered it. The American form has a more elongated body, with a differently shaped caudal fin, which is relatively shorter than the best authors attribute to O. sagittatus. The figure given by Verany is, however, an exception in this respect, for in it the body is represented about as

*Tt seems more probable, however, that Lamarck’s description applied rather to 0. Bartramii (Les. sp.) of the Gulf Stream region. Blainville and others have thus ap+ plied it, correctly, as I believe.

i nin

A. E. Verrili—North American Cephalopods. 281

long as in some of our larger specimens.* It should be remarked, how- ever, that Lesueur’s figure of O. i//ecebrosa shows the body too small and too short in proportion to the size of the fin, and the fin wrong in shape and occupying more than half the length of the mantle; the proportions of the arms are also erroneous. But Lesueur explains these defects by his statement that the figures were hasty sketches made for the sake of preserving the colors, and that he saved a speci- men by which to correct, afterwards, his drawings and description, but the specimen saved turned out to be LZ. pavo, so that the orig- inal sketches were published without correction. Tryon’s figure 342 is a poor copy of one of Lesueur’s, without credit.

If the European form be really identical with the American, its dis- tribution is very anomalous, for while the former is a southern Kuro- pean form, inhabiting the Mediterranean and scarcely extending north of the southern waters of Great Britain, where it appears to be rare, our species is strictly a northern, cold water form, rarely found south of Cape Cod, even in winter. Its range extends quite to the Arctic Ocean.

Notes on Habits.

When living, this is a very beautiful creature, owing to the bril- liancy of its eyes and its bright and quickly changing colors. It is also very quick and graceful in its movements. This is the most com- mon ‘squid’ north of Cape Cod, and extends as far south as Newport, R. 1. It is very abundant in Massachusetts Bay, the Bay of Fundy, and northward to Newfoundland. It is taken on the coast of New- foundland in immense numbers, and used as bait for cod-fish. It oc- curs in vast schools when it visits the coast, but whether it seeks those shores for the purpose of spawning or in search of food is not known. I have been unable to learn anything personally in regard to its breeding habits, nor have I been able to ascertain that anyone has any information in regard either to the time, manner, or place of spawning. At Eastport, Me., I have several times observed them in large numbers, in midsummer. But at that time they seem to be wholly engaged in the pursuit of food, following the schools of her- ring, which were then in pursuit of shrimp (Zhysanopoda Norvegica), which occur in the Bay of Fundy, at times, in great quantities, swim- ming at the surface. The stomachs of the squids taken on these oc- casions were distended with fragments of Thysanopoda, or with the flesh of the herring, or with a mixture of the two, but their reproduc-

* According to Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., V, p. 129, pl. 5) the English 0. sagittatus has the fin “ from 2 to nearly 4 the length of the mantle ;” and the form of the pe figured by him, is different from that of our species.

282 A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

tive organs were not in an active condition. The same is true of all the specimens that I have taken at other localities in summer. From the fact that the oviducts are small and simple, and the nidamental glands little developed, I believe that it will eventually prove that this species discharges its eggs free in the ocean, and that they will be found floating at the surface, either singly or in gelatinous masses or bands, not having any complicated capsules to enclose them. Nothing is known as to the length of time required by this species to attain its full size. It probably lives several years.

This squid is an exceedingly active creature, darting with great velocity backward, or in any other direction, by means of the reaction of the jet of water which is ejected with great force from the siphon, and which may be directed forward or backward, or to the right or left, by bending the siphon. Even when confined in a limited space, as ina fish-pound, it is not an easy matter to capture them with a dip-net, so quick will they dart away, to the right and left. When darting rapidly the lobes of the caudal fin are closely wrapped around the body* and the arms are held tight together, forming an acute bundle in front, so that the animal, in this condition, is sharp at both ends, and passes through the water with the least possible resistance. Its caudal fin is used as an accessory organ of locomotion when it slowly swims about, or balances itself for some time nearly in one position in the water.

The best observations of the modes of capturing its prey are by Messrs. 8. I. Smith and Oscar Harger, who observed it at Province- town, Massachusetts, among the wharves, in large numbers, July 28, 1872, engaged in capturing and devouring the young mackerel, which were swimming about in ‘schools,’ and at that time were about four or five inches long. In attacking the mackerel they would suddenly dart backward among the fish with the velocity of an arrow, and as suddenly turn obliquely to the right or left and seize a fish, which was almost instantly killed by a bite in the back of the neck with their sharp beaks. The bite was always made in the same place, cut- ting out a triangular piece of flesh, and was deep enough to penetrate to the spinal cord. The attacks were not always successful, and were sometimes repeated a dozen times before one of these active and wary

* This position of the fins is well shown in Plate 26, fig. 341, of Binney’s edition of Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts. This figure was probably drawn by Mr. Burk- hardt from living specimens formerly kept in Cutting’s Aquarium, in Boston, about 1860 to 1862. This figure is very good, in most respects, except that the clubs of the tentacles have been confounded with the ventral pair of the sessile arms, and thus the suckers are made to continue along the whole length of the tentacles.

a

A. FE. Verrill— North American Cephalopods. 283

fishes could be caught. Sometimes, after making several unsuccess- ful attempts, one of the squids would suddenly drop to the bottom, and, resting upon the sand, would change its color to that of the sand so perfectly as to be almost invisible. In this position it would wait until the fishes came back, and when they were swimming close to or over the ambuscade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would be pretty sure to secure a fish. Ordinarily, when swimming, they were thickly spotted with red and brown, but when darting among the mackerel they appeared translucent and pale. The mackerel, however, seemed to have learned that the shallow water was the safest for them, and would hug the shore as closely as possible, so that in pursuing them many of the squids became stranded, and perished by hundreds, for when they once touch the shore they begin to pump water from their siphons with great energy, and this usually forces them farther and farther up the beach. At such times they often discharge their ink in large quantities. The attacks on the young mackerel were ob- served mostly at or near high-water, for at other times the mackerel - were seldom seen, though the squids were seen swimming about at all hours; and these attacks were observed both in the day and evening.

It is probable, from various observations, that this and other species of squids are partially nocturnal in their habits, or at least are more active in the night than in the day. Those that are caught in the pounds and weirs mostly enter in the night, evidently while swim- ming along the shores in ‘schools.’ They often get aground on the sand-flats at Provincetown, Massachusetts, in the night. On the islands in the Bay of Fundy, even where there are no flats, I have often found them in the morning, stranded on the beaches in immense numbers, especially when there is a full moon, and it is thought by many of the fishermen that this is because, like many other nocturnal

, animals, they have the habit of turning toward and gazing at a bright light, and since they swim backwards, they get ashore on the beaches opposite the position of the moon. This habit is also sometimes taken advantage of by the fishermen, who capture them for bait for cod-fish ; they go out in dark nights with torches in their boats, and by advancing slowly toward a beach, drive them ashore.

They are taken in large quantities in nets and pounds, and also by means of ‘jigs’ thrown at random into the ‘schools’ and quickly drawn through them. They are also sometimes taken by lines, ad- hering to the bait used for fishes.

Trans. Conn. AcaD., VoL. V. 35 JANUARY, 1881,

284 A, FE. Verrill— North American Cephalopods.

Their habit of discharging an inky fluid through the siphon, when irritated or alarmed, is well known. The ink is said to have caustic and irritating properties.

This squid, like the Loligo, is eagerly pursued by the cod and many other voracious fishes, even when adult. Among its enemies while young, are the full grown mackerel, who thus retaliate for the massacre of their own young by the squids. The specimens observed catching young mackerel were mostly eight to ten inches long, and some of them were still larger.

From the rapidity with which the squids devour the fish that they capture, it is evident that the jaws are the principal organs used, and that the odontophore plays only a subordinate part in feeding. This is confirmed by the condition of the food ordinarily found in the stomach, for both the fishes and the shrimp are usually in fragments and shreds of some size, and smaller creatures, like amphipods, are often found entire, or nearly so; even the vertebre and other bones of herring are often present. On the other hand, in some specimens, the contents of the stomach are finely divided, as if the odontophore had been used for that purpose.

Notes on the Visceral Anatomy.

PLATE XXXVIII, FIGURE 2. PLATE XXXIX, FIGURE 2.

This species, in common with others of the same genus, is very different from Loligo Pealei in the form and structure of many of its internal organs. The branchial cavity is larger and the gills (g, g) originate farther back and are much larger than in Loligo, their length being about two-fifths the entire length of the body; they originate back nearly at the middle of the body. The liver (J, 2) is much larger and more conspicuous, consisting of two large, oblong, lateral lobes or masses, closely united together in the median plane, with a groove along the dorsal side, in which lies the esophagus. - The ink-bag (7) is elongated-pyriform, with a silvery luster externally, but blackish when filled with the ‘ink.’ The size and form of the stomach and its cecal lobe (s,s’) vary greatly according to their degree of distention with food. When well filled they are large, thin, saccular, and more or less pyriform; the cecal lobe extending back nearly to the end of the body. The intestine (A) has two spatulate papillz, one on each side of the anal orifice.

The heart (/Z) is large, somewhat irregular, and unsymmetrical, with four points, the two lateral continuous with the afferent vessels

A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 285

(b0) of the gills; the anterior passing into the anterior aorta (ao) ; the posterior, median one, continuous with the posterior aorta, gives off, first a small ventral branch, which supplies the reproductive organs, and then later a median ventral artery (0), going to the mantle; while much farther back it divides into two branches (0’, 0’) which supply the sides of the mantle and caudal fin. The branchial auricles (aw) are large and ovate, with a small round capsule at the posterior end.

The urinary organs or ‘kidneys’ (7,7) are voluminous, lobulated organs, intimately connected with the ven cave, and mostly situated below and in front of the heart, but there is a more compact glandular portion (7’) extending, as usual, backward along each of the posterior ven cave (ve’) in the form of a long pyriform gland. Just in front of the bases of the gills, on each side, there is a circular opening (w) through the peritoneal membrane, which probably gives exit to the urinary excretions.

The reproductive organs of the female, however, present the greatest divergence from Loligo, and allied forms. Instead of hay- ing a single large oviduct, on the left side only, and opening far for- ward, we find, in this genus, two small oviducts (od) symmetrically placed and opening much farther back. Moreover, instead of the large and very conspicuous, unsymmetrical nidamental glands, situated in front of the heart, as in Loligo, we find in Ommastrephes much smaller and simpler glands (««) situated much farther back, side by side, near the median line.

The ovary (ov) is a long, pyriform, lobulated organ; its anterior end is attached to the posterior end of the stomach, and is divided into several short lobes, which clasp the end of the stomach; its small posterior end extends backward into the concavity of the hooded portion of the pen (p”).

The spermary or testicle of the male (Plate XX XVIII, fig. 2, ¢) occupies the same position as the ovary; it is a more compact organ, with a smoother surface, and the anterior lobes are longer and narrower and extend farther forward along the sides of the stomach. The prostate gland and other male organs resemble those of Loligo (see Plate XL, figures 1, 2).

It must be borne in mind, however, that none of the specimens examined were in their breeding season. Consequently the repro- ductive organs were all much smaller and less conspicuous than they would have been in breeding individuals. This is particularly the case with the ovaries and spermaries, but the same remark would

286 A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

also apply to the nidamental glands, which might assume a different form, as well as greater volume, at the breeding season.

The specimens dissected had all been preserved in alcohol, which, also, would cause these organs to appear smaller than is natural.

Additional note on distribution.—After the previous pages were printed, additional specimens of this species were obtained, extending its range much farther southward, in the deep water, near the edge of the Gulf Stream. Although we cannot be certain that specimens thus caught in the trawl were living at the bottom, owing to the possibility of their entering it during its ascent, it is very probable that they do actually inhabit those depths. This is rendered more probable by the fact that we found adult specimens in the stomachs of fishes (Zophius), taken at stations 865 and 893. The most south- ern specimens known were taken by Mr. A. Agassiz on the “ Blake,” off Cape Hatteras, in 263 fathoms.

Additional Specimens Examined.

ccoxxxu, N. L. 35°45’ 30"; W. Lg. 74° 48’| 263 1880 |‘*Blake” exp.| 39 ad.

Sthenoteuthis megaptera Verrill.

This volume, p. 223, plate 21, figs. 1-9, Feb., 1880.

Puate XXI. Prats XXVII, FiguRE 6. PLATE XLV, FIGURES 5, 5a.

Since printing the description of this species, in the first part of this volume, when only two examples were known, some additional specimens have been obtained.

The most important of these consists of the tentacular club and the pharynx, with the jaws and odontophore complete (Plate XLV, fig. 5). These are from a specimen, of which the head and arms were found in the mouth of a cod-fish, on the eastern part of George’s . Bank, by Manuel D. Mitchel, and were by him presented to the U. 8. Fish Commission. The portions of the specimen not saved were used as bait for cod. The arms were described as 18 inches long.

The part of the tentacular club in my possession, which does not include the proximal portion, is 175™™ long, 17 broad, in the middle; the distal portion, beyond the large suckers, is 62 long, breadth of its sucker-bearing face, 8; from front to back, including width of dorsal keel, but not the suckers, 18; diameter of largest suckers, 12, of horny rings, 11; of aperture, 8; height of horny ring, outer side,

A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 287

including teeth, 6°5; length of pedicels, 5; distance between pedicels, 15™™, The large suckers agree very well with those described and figured from the type-specimen (Pl. X XJ, fig. 9); this portion of the club had nine of these large suckers in each row; their pedicels arise from the middle of deep squarish depressions, between which run thick transverse ridges, which bear the smaller marginal suckers toward their outer ends, and then support the marginal membrane. A part of the large suckers have retained their horny rings, but all the marginal and small distal suckers have lost them. The horny rings of the large suckers (fig. 5a) are oblique, much higher on the outer than on the inner side ; the edge bears about 28 sharp, incurved, well-separated, unequal teeth ; of these the largest is at the middle of the outer edge; another smaller one, but larger than its fellows, is at the middle of the inner edge; two others, in size similar to the last, occupy the middle of the lateral edges; thus the edge is divided into four equal parts, by the four larger teeth, between which there are five or six smaller, very acute teeth, separated by spaces greater than their breadth. The horny rings are amber-brown, the teeth are golden yellow at tip. The distal portion of the club is compressed, with the face narrow and tapering, but with an elevated dorsal keel ; it bears four crowded rows of small, pedicelled suckers, the two rows on one side of the median line being composed of very much smaller suckers than the other two. At the very tip of the club there is a round cluster of small, smooth suckers, as in Architeuthis. The buccal mass is 52™™ in length and 42 in diameter. <A thick buccal membrane, covered with low, irregular verrucz, surrounds the jaws. The jaws are sharp and strong; their exposed portions are black, the ale reddish brown. The beak of the upper jaw is long, strongly incurved, acute, its cutting edge regularly curved, with a deep notch at its base, from which a well-defined groove runs down- ward, The lower jaw is sharp, its cutting edge is most concave near the tip, below which it is nearly straight, sides covered with fine radiating lines; basal notch broad, shallow, angular; beyond the notch there is a broad, low angular tooth. The surface of the fleshy palate is covered with low rounded verruce. The odontophore is broad, with sharp, pale amber-colored teeth, which agree well with those of the original specimen (Plate XXI, figures 3-7) ; outside of the lateral teeth there is a narrow, raised, chitinous ridge, apparently not divisible into plates,

Another specimen, consisting of the buccal mass and jaws, but without the odontophore, was presented to the U. S. Fish Commis-

288 A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

sion (lot 797) by Captain Chas. Anderson and crew of the schooner * Alice G. Wunson,” of Gloucester, Mass.

The jaws of this were slightly larger than in the one just de- scribed. They agree well in nearly every respect, but the notch at the base of the lower mandible is narrower and the tooth beyond it broad and rounded.

Measurements of jaws, in millimeters.

Number of Lot. 810 197 Upper jaw, tip to bottom of notch,.-...-....-.---- 12 13 Transverse breadth, at notches, .........-..------- 9 10 Mipitorendvof sirontaljlaminayen peepee ee ee 38 41 Lower jaw, tip to bottom of notch,......-._-..__-- it 13 Tipo motchtotementums: Sawa see 2 eee shee 11 14 Tip to ventral end of gular lamina,_.-._..-__-_.__- ae 25 Mentum to inner end of lateral ala, _..._.-..--._.- 31 36 Breadth oftlateralyalcay 2e = eee see ee ee 15 15 Breadth of odontophore, across face, .....-----.--- 55

A fifth specimen, received in lot 879, Oct., 1880, consists of two of the sessile arms, but the suckers have lost their horny rings, so that the identification cannot be very positive. The largest arm, which is not quite entire, is 255™™ long, and 23™™ in diameter, at the larger end. It was taken from the stomach of a cod, on the Grand Banks, and presented to the U. 8. Fish Commission by the Captain and crew of the schooner “ Otis P. Lord.”

Specimens Examined.

Lot. Locality. Fath. When rec’d, | Name of vessel.| Received from. Specimens.

Sthenoteuthis Bartramii Verrill.

Loligo sagittatus (pars) Lamarck, 1799; Anim. sans Vert., vii, p. 665. Loligo Bartramii Lesueur, Journ. Phil. Acad., I, vol. ii, p. 90, plate 7, 1821. Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 141, 1823. Loligo sagittatus Blainv., Dict. Sci., Nat., xxvii, p. 140. Ommastrephes Bartramii D’Orb., Voy. Amer. Merid., Moll., p, 55, 1838 (t. Gray) ; Céph. Acétab., pl. 2, figs. 11-20. Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., Cephal. Antep., p. 62, 1849. Verrill, Invert. Vineyard Sound, ete., p. 341 [635], 1874 (non Binney, in Gould, Invert. Mass.) Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 180, pl. 80, figs. 361, 362 (from D’Orb.).

A, EF. Verrili— North American Cephalopods. 289

Sthenoteuthis Bartramii Verrill (continued).

Sthenoteuthis Bartram Verrill, this volume, p. 223, Feb., 1880; Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 289, Apr., 1880.

Ommatostrephes Bartramii Steenstrup, Oversigt Kongl. D. Vidensk. Selsk. For- handl., 1880, (received Aug.), auth. sep. copy, p. 9, fig. 2, p. 11, fig. 3, p. 19.

Body cylindrical, elongated, slender, tapering but little in front of the fin; anterior edge of mantle with a very slight, median dorsal angle. Caudal fin short and transversely rhomboidal, with the outer angles acute, posterior angle obtuse, and the front edges rounded and projecting forward beyond the insertion. Length of fin (from insertion) to its breadth, as |: 2; length of fin to mantle, as 1: 2°80, in a young female specimen with the body 3°25 inches long. Head short, as broad as the body ; eye-opening angular, higher than long, with a narrow oblique sinus. Nuchal frills nearly as in O. élecebrosa, consisting of a low, transverse, undulated ridge extending around both sides to the dorsal line, and with three raised longitudinal mem- branes on each side. Siphon large, sunken in a deep pit; anterior border of the pit with a series of 6 to 12 or more (variable with age), small and short furrows, which extend inward only a short distance from the edge. Arms rather short, not very unequal; the dorsal ones are a little the shortest and smallest; the third pair are the longest, the second and fourth pairs are intermediate in length, and nearly equal; the arms of the second pair are furnished with a well- developed membrane along the lower outer angle, and with a thin marginal membrane of moderate width along the inner angles, out- side the suckers, that on the lower side extending beyond the suckers. Those of the third pair are compressed, with a well-devel- oped membranous keel on the median outer edge, beyond the basal portion ; on the lower inner angle there is a broad, thin, marginal mem- brane, extending beyond the suckers, and a narrow one on the upper side ; the dorsal and ventral arms have narrow marginal membranes. Suckers of the dorsal and lateral arms furnished with horny rings which have the edge divided into small, acute-triangular teeth, largest on the outer side; on the ventral arms the suckers are smaller, those on the proximal half of the arm having smooth-edged rings, while those on the distal portion are sharply toothed on the outer edge. Tentacular arms slender and moderately elongated, with distinctly broader clubs, which are keeled on the back side and furnished with a thin marginal membrane on each edge. The suckers consist of two median alternating rows of larger oblique, dentate suckers, of which seven to nine in each row are decidedly largest ;

290 A, FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

alternating with these, on each margin there is a row of smaller, more oblique, sharply denticulate, marginal suckers; distal nar- rowed face of the club covered with four rows of minute crowded suckers, and’a small cluster at the tip; the proximal part of the club has an irregular group of few, small, denticulate suckers, beyond which, extending down on the upper margin of the arm, is a row of about five or six small, smooth-edged, connective suckers, alternating with small round tubercles, of corresponding size; along the lower edge of the arm, for about the same distance, there is a row of more minute pedicelled suckers. The horny rings of the larger median suckers are oblique, and the edge is divided into many small slender teeth, longer on the outer margin; the teeth of the marginal suckers are similar, but more unequal and more incurved.

Specimens in alcohol generally show a distinct, dark purplish brown dorsal stripe, where the chromatophores are very much crowded.

Total length to tips of lateral arms, 121™™; tail to base of arms, 93; body, 82; length of caudal fin, to insertion, 29; its breadth, 58; diameter of body, 16; length of tentacular arms, 48"". Young.

Middle Atlantic and West Indies; common in the region of the Gulf Stream.

This is an exceedingly active species, swimming with great veloc- ity, and not rarely leaping so high out of the water as to fall on the decks of vessels. On this account it has been called the “flying squid,” by sailors. ~ It is a more slender species than O. illecebrosa, with a shorter fin, and it has but four rows of small suckers on the distal part of the club, instead of eight. The most important differences, of generic value, are the presence of connective suckers and tubercles on the ten- tacular arms, and the great development of the marginal membranes on the lateral arms. The grooves in the siphon-pit are of compara- tively little importance.

Gonatus Gray.

Gonatus Gray, Catalogue Mollusca Brit. Mus., i, Cephal. Antep., p. 67, 1849, (char-

acters inaccurate.)

Body slender, tapering ; caudal fins short, broad, united posteriorly. Pen narrow anteriorly; thin and lanceolate posteriorly, with a termi- nal, hood-like expansion. Sessile arms with four rows of small, pedi- cellated suckers, those of the two median rows larger, with a horny ring, having a single large hooked claw on the outer edge; outer

A. EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods, 291

suckers with larger pedicels, the horny ring with several small denti- cles. All the suckers have a circle of minute scales or plates around the aperture. Tentacles long and slender, the terminal part dilated into a narrow club, with a membranous keel; the club is covered with minute denticulated suckers, like the outer ones of the sessile arms; smaller suckers extend for some distance along the arm; cen- ter of the club, with one or two larger suckers, resembling the median ones of the sessile arms, their horny rings having a small aperture, and bearing, on the outside, a large claw-like hook.

Gray overlooked the free eyelids in this genus, and on that account placed it with Loligo.

Gonatus F'abricii Verrill.

Sepia loligo Fabricius, Fauna Groenlandica, p. 358, 1780, (good description). Onychoteuthis Fabricii Lichtenstein, Isis, xix, 1818, (t. Gray). Moller, Kroyer’s Tidss., iv, p. 76, 1842. Loligo Fabricii Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 138, 1823. Onychoteuthis 2 amena Moller, Ind. Moll. Gronl., Kréyer’s Tidss., iv, p. 76, 1842,

(young.) Gonatus amena Gray, Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i. Cephal. Antep., p. 68, 1849. Gonatus amenus G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norvegiz, p. 336, pl. 31, figs. 1-15 (excellent); pl. xvii, fig. 2 (dentition), 1878. Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 168, pl. 73, fig. 290, (deser. from Gray, fig. from H. & A. Adams, Genera). Verrill, Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362, 1880.

PLATE XLV, FIGURES 1-16, 2—2d.

Body small, elongated, rather slender, tapering backward; front dorsal edge of mantle extending forward in a blunt lobe or angle. Caudal fin very short, but broad, nearly twice as broad as long, the front edges extending forward beyond the insertion, as rounded lobes, lateral angles subacute, posterior angle obtuse. Arms stout and rather long, the dorsal and ventral pairs stouter than the lateral. All the arms bear four rows of small suckers; those of the two median rows (2c,2d) are larger than the outer ones, with shorter pedicels, and the very oblique horny ring, having a small opening, is developed into a single, large, hooked tooth on the outer side; around the inner side of the aperture there is a partial circle of small flat scales, in several rows. The suckers of the outer rows (2a, 26) are about two-thirds as large, with longer and more slender pedicels, and with lateral apertures; the horny ring has about five acute-triangular teeth on the outer margin, and there are several rows of small scales

forming a broad circle entirely around the aperture. The tentacular TRANS. CONN. ACAD., VOL. V. 36 JANUARY, 1881.

292 A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

arms are long and slender, with broader clubs, which bear a large number of minute suckers, much like the outer ones of the arms, arranged in many crowded rows, some of which extend beyond the club along the arm; in the middle (fig. 14) there is usually one or two larger suckers (absent in our specimen) in which the horny ring has a small aperture and is developed into a large hook-shaped claw, on one side, and a complete circle of small plates surrounds the horny ring.

Pen, thin and delicate, narrow anteriorly, with slender lateral ribs ; posteriorly, for more than half the whole length, expanded into a thin lanceolate form; posterior tip laterally dilated, with the edges involute (fig. 1).

A young specimen of this species, in nearly perfect preservation, was recently presented to the United States Fish Commission by Capt. William Demsey and crew, of the schooner “ Clara F. Friend”. It was taken from the stomach of a cod, off Seal Island, Nova Scotia.

Greenland (Fabricius, Moller). Porsangerfjord, northern coast of Norway (G. O. Sars). Coast of Finmark, in stomach of “coal-fish,” abundant (G. O. Sars, Norwegian Exp. of 1878).

D’Orbigny, Gray, and other writers have erroneously referred the Onychoteuthis Fabricii (based on the Sepia loligo of Fabricius) to O. Banksii. The detailed Latin description given by Fabricius applies perfectly to the present species, and not at all to O. Banksit. He describes the four rows of suckers on the short arms; the small suckers and two large central hooks on the tentacles; the short caudal fin, ete.

Chiloteuthis, gen. nov.

Allied to Enoploteuthis, Lestoteuthis and Abralia, but with a more complicated armature than either of these genera. Sessile arms with sharp incurved claws, arranged in four rows on the ventral arms, and in two rows on the other arms, (distal portions have lost their arma- ture). Tentacular arms long, with broad clubs, strongly keeled ex- ternally, and with series of convective suckers and tubercles extend- ing for some distance along the inner surface of the arms. ‘Tentacu- lar club provided with a marginal row of connective suckers, alter- nating with tubercles, along one margin; with a central row of une- qual hooks, some of them very large; with submedian groups of small, slender-pedicelled suckers (or hooks); with marginal series of small suckers; and with several rows of small suckers covering the prolonged distal portion of the face. Connective cartilages on the base of the siphon, simple, long-ovate; the corresponding processes of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges. The caudal fin, pen, and many other parts are destroyed.

A, FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 293

Chiloteuthis rapax, sp. nov. PLATE XLIX, FIGURES 1-1/f.

A specimen of this remarkable squid, in very bad condition, was taken from the stomach of a fish, trawled at station 893, in 372 fathoms, about 100 miles south of Newport, R. I. It was accompanied by a specimen of Ommastrephes illecebrosa, in a similar condition. It had lost its pen, its epidermis, and most of the horny hooks and sucker-rings ; the head was detached from the body and the caudal fin was nearly destroyed ; the eye-lids were gone, but the eye-balls remained. The description must, therefore, remain imperfect till other specimens can be obtained.

The body was rather short and thick, tapering rapidly backward. The caudal fin appears to have been short-rhomboidal, but this is un- certain. The siphon is large, with an internal valve. The connective cartilages (fig. le) on the sides of the base of the siphon are long-ovate, with the posterior end widest and rounded. The corresponding car- tilages on the inside of the mantle are simple longitudinal ridges. Head large, with very large eyes; pupils round. The arms are long and taper to slender tips; the dorsal ones are smaller and shorter than the others; the lateral and ventral pairs are nearly equal in length, and about as long as the mantle; the ventral arms are somewhat more slender than the lateral ones. All the arms appear to have borne slender-pedicelled claws or hooks with strongly incurved, horny points, but only the fleshy parts of these are left, in most cases, and the tips of the arms are bare. On the ventral arms these hooks were smaller, and in four rows; the fleshy portion of these consists of a small rounded head, with lateral lobes, running up, on one side, into an in- curved beak, so that the shape is somewhat like a bird’s head. On the other arms the claws were in two rows only, but they were much larger ; in a few cases, on the lateral arms, the horny claws are left. These are strongly compressed and deeply imbedded in the muscular sheath, only the sharp, incurved point projecting (figs. 1c, 1d).

The tentacular-arms (fig. 1) are long and strong, their length being more than twice that of the sessile arms. The club is rather stout, long, decidedly expanded, and has an elevated, crest-like keel on the distal half of its dorsal surface; this keel rises abruptly at its origin, and is colored on the outer side, but white on the face next to the inner surface of the club. The club is broadest near its base, the distal third is narrow and the tip rounded. The armature is remarkable: in the middle line there is a row of six medium sized hooks (fig. 1, «”), followed by two much larger ones (fig, 1, a’ @), situated near the mid-

294 A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

dle; these have lost their horny claws; series of minute, slender-pedi- celled suckers run along the club, either side of the median line, and beyond the large hooks these rows unite and entirely cover the face of the distal third of the club (fig. 1, d), there forming about eight rows ; at the tip there is a circular group of minute suckers (d’) ; toward the base of the club the lower side is expanded and bears a row of five peculiar suckers (fig. 1, e), having a marginal series of slender, minute, incurved spinules; these suckers have very thick basal pro- cesses, which are appressed and directed toward the central line of the club, bearing the suckers on their inner ends, attached by short pedi- cels; round connective tubercles alternate with these suckers, in the same row; beyond these there is a triangular marginal group of slender-pedicelled suckers (c), of about the same size; other rows of minute pedicelled suckers (or hooks) occupied the sub-median area, between the marginal ones and the central line, which is indicated by a strong white cord. The opposite margin of the club appears to have borne several rows of small suckers, but this part is badly injured. A band of minute papille (e’), apparently the remnants of suckers and alternating connective tubercles, extends downward for more than half the length of the tentacular-arm; at first this band is like a continuation of the connective suckers and tubercles on the margin of the club, and the papille are apparently in a single row, while the surface near them is crossed by fine transverse grooves or furrows ; but farther down the arms there may have been two or more rows of suckers, which have been destroyed.

The beak (fig. 1.) is somewhat compressed, with very acute man- dibles. The upper mandible has the point long and regularly incurved, with the cutting edge regularly arched, without a basal notch, and forming, with the anterior edge, an obtuse angle. Lower mandible, with a strongly incurved tip and regularly concave cutting edge, having no basal notch, and only a slight tooth on the anterior border, which forms a very obtuse angle with the cutting edge.

Color mostly gone, but where still remaining, as on the back of the tentacular club, it consists of minute purple chromatophores ; inner surface of sessile arms purplish brown.

Measurements in millimeters.

hengihy ot body eessss— sce. 522 - ne TeiBreadthiof club- 2. .--=---)-- eee 7 Length of dorsal arms.--...-.------ 58 | Breadth of tentacular arms---------- 5 Length of 2d pair of arms....-.__.- 86 | Breadth of lateral arms, at base ------ 6 Length of 3d pair of arms-.--.--.---- 87 | Breadth of dorsal arms --.---------- 5 Length of ventral arms-_.-..-.....- 85 | Diameter of eye-ball _....--....---- 19 Length of tentacular arms-_-----.----- 225 | Length of connec. cartilages on siphon 14 ~ Length of club ....---------------- 29 | Breadth of the same......--..------ 4

A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 295

Calliteuthis Verrill. Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, p. 393, for Nov., 1880 (published Oct. 25); Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362, 1880.

Body short, tapering to a small free tip; fins small, united behind the tip of the body. Siphon united to the head by a pair of dorsal bands; not sunken in a furrow; an internal valve. Mantle united to the sides of the siphon by simple, linear, longitudinal lateral ridges, corresponding with connective cartilages on the sides of the siphon, which are long-ovate, with a raised margin all around. <A dorsal elongated connective cartilage on the neck, opposite the pen. Arms long, not webbed; suckers in two rows, largest on the middle of the lateral and dorsal arms; horny rings of suckers smooth on most of the suckers, simply dentate on the distal ones. Eyes large, with rounded openings and thin, free lids. Buccal membrane simple, sack- like, with seven connective bridles. Internal anatomy of the female similar to that of Ommastrephes. Oviducts and nidamental glands symmetrically developed on the two sides. Oviducts opening in front of the bases of the gills, the openings simple, long, narrow, oblique. Two long, ligulate nidamental glands, with acute anterior ends, lie, side by side, and a little apart, on the middle of the visceral mass, behind and over the heart; each of these consists of two halves, folded together, and covered on the inner surface with fine transverse lamin; the space between them opens along the outer edge.

Calliteuthis reversa Verrill. Amer. Journ. Sci., xx, p. 393, Nov., 1880; Proc. Nat. Mus., iii, p. 362, Dec., 1880.

Puate XLVI, Figures 1-10.

Body rather short, tapering backward, subacute posteriorly ; front edge of mantle advancing somewhat in the middle, and forming an obtuse angle; considerably emarginate beneath. Caudal fin small, short, thin, each half nearly semicircular, attached subdorsally, pos- terior end emarginate and free from the tip of the body, but not ex- tending much beyond it. Head large, flattened above. Eyes very large, with simple, thin, free, circular lids, without any sinus, Open- ings of the ears, behind the eyes, minute, with a small, erect, clavate, fleshy process of the skin. Arms long, tapering, equal to the length of head and body combined; the lateral pairs are equal; the dorsal and ventral nearly equal, somewhat shorter than laterals; suckers deeper than broad, well rounded, laterally attached by slender pedi- cels; horny rings with smooth, circular, thin edges, except on the

296 A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

small suckers, toward the tips of the arms, in which the outer edge is divided into a number of small, narrow, blunt teeth. On the ven- tral arms, the suckers are much smaller. Basal web rudimentary; a narrow, thin, simple membrane along each side, outside the suckers. Tentacular arms rather slender, compressed, smooth at base, the ends absent. Color reddish brown. The ventral surface of the body, head, and arms is more ornamented than the dorsal surface, being covered with large, rounded verruce, their center or anterior half pale, the border, or posterior half, dark purplish brown; upper sur- face of body with much fewer and smaller scattered verruce; a cir- cle of the same around the eyes; inner surfaces of sessile arms and buccal membranes chocolate-brown, tentacular arms lighter; suck- ers pale yellow with a light brown band. Caudal fin white, translu- cent. Iris, in the preserved specimen, brown. Gills with the free edge brown, and a brown line on the outer edges of all the lamine,

Total length, to end of lateral arms, 133™™, to base of arms, 677” ; mantle, 51™™; of fin, 17™™"; breadth of fins, 24™™; of body, 2005s diameter of eye-ball, 16"; length of dorsal arms, 58"™; of second pair, 67"; of third pair, 68™™; of ventral pair, 60"; breadth of dorsal arms at base, 5"”; of lateral, 6™™; diameter of largest suck- re Nsly ees

Dredged by the steamer “Fish Hawk,” of the U. 8. Fish Commis- sion, at Station 894, about 100 miles south of Newport, R. L, N. Lat. 39° 53’; W. Long. 70° 58’ 30”, in 365 fathoms.

Mastigoteuthis Verrill. Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vi, 1881.

Body elongated, tapering to a point, confluent with the caudal fin posteriorly, Caudal fin very large and broad, rhomboidal, oceupy- ing about half the length of the body. Mantle fastened to the base of the siphon by an ovate, ear-shaped, elevated cartilage, on each side, fitting into corresponding deep, circumscribed pits on the base of the siphon. Siphon with a bilabiate aperture, an internal valve, and a pair of dorsal bridles. Eyes large, with round pupils; lids free, thin, apparently with a very small anterior sinus. Arms very unequal, the ventral ones much the longest. Suckers small, in two regular rows. Tentacular arms long and round, tapering to the tips, shaped like a whip-lash, without any distinct club; the distal portion is covered nearly all around with exceedingly numerous and minute suckers, which leave only a very narrow naked line along the out- side. Pen narrow and bicostate anteriorly, very slender in the mid-

.

A. E. Verriil—North American Cephalopods. 297

dle; posteriorly much larger, with a long tubular cone. This re- markable genus differs widely from all others hitherto described in the character of the tentacular arms and suckers. This, with the great size of the caudal fin, gives a very peculiar aspect to the species.

Mastigoteuthis Agassizii Verrill. Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. vi, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 2, figs. 2, 3-3g, 1881. PLATE XLVIII. Puate XLIX, FIGURES 2, 3-39.

Body elongated, round anteriorly ; posteriorly tapering rapidly to the slender, acute, terminal portion, which is confluent with the cau- dal fin, to the tip. Front dorsal edge of mantle emarginate in the middle. Caudal fin very large and broad, transversely rhomboidal, obtuse posteriorly, its length, from origin to tip, about equal to half the combined length of the head and body. Eyes large, with thin lids, which appear to have had a distinct but very small sinus in front; pupils circular; iris brown, in alcohol. Sessile arms very une- qual; ventral arms much larger and longer than the others, about equal to length of head and body; dorsal arms very small, scarcely one-third the length of the ventral pair; two lateral pairs nearly equal, decidedly longer and stouter than the dorsal pair. A delicate thin, marginal membrane extends along the arms, outside the rows of suckers, to the slender tips. Suckers small, in two regular rows on all the arms, subglobular, with small oblique apertures, surrounded by small horny rings, which have a nearly entire margin, and by sey- eral series of minute plates (Plate XLIX, fig. 39).

Basal web, between the arms, very small. In the smaller speci- men, which is a male, the right ventral arm is longer than the left, and the tip appears to have been flattened, and the marginal mem- branes seem to have been wider, with the edges infolded, so as to form a sort of furrow on the outer side, but the suckers are mostly gone, and it is too much injured to be accurately described. Ten- tacular arms long, more than twice the combined length of the head and body, slender, round, gradually tapering to the tip, like a whip- lash, the distal half of their length covered with very numerous, crowded, minute, pedicelled suckers (fig. 3d), which cover nearly the entire surface along the terminal portion, leaving only a narrow naked line along the back, but farther from the tip this naked space becomes gradually wider and the band of suckers narrower, and after these crowded bands of suckers cease, scattered suckers, placed mostly two by two, extend for some distance along the proximal part of the arms. The suckers of the tentacular arms are so small that their form can-

298 A. EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

not be seen with the naked eye; they are deep, cup-shaped, with a small circular aperture, supported by a horny rim, which is often armed with two or three sharp teeth on one side (fig. 3e).

Color of body and arms, so far as preserved, in alcohol, deep brownish orange; on the upper side of the back and caudal fin the color is better preserved, and shows small, ocellated, circular spots of orange-brown, with an inner circle of whitish, and a central spot of purplish brown. Similar spots also exist on the head and arms, and also on the lower side of the body, where the color is best preserved.

A considerable amount of a bright orange oily fluid, insoluble in alcohol, exuded from the viscera. Examined by means of the spectro- scope this fluid absorbed part of the green, all of the blue, and most of the violet rays. The stomach contained fragments of small crus- tacea. The pen is pale yellow, thin, and slender anteriorly, with two sublateral costz, and narrow delicate margins outside the cost; in the middle it becomes still thinner and narrower, with the margin inrolled; beyond, the margins become much wider and then unite together ventrally, forming a long, hollow, conical portion, extend- ing to the acute posterior tip; this portion is not so broad as deep, and has a slight dorsal keel and ventral groove,

Measurements in millimeters.

Male. Male. Total length to end of sessile arms ------ 137 232 Head and body combined -....-..------ 59 122 hengthiotpoodyesee 4-22+ =! - 4s 46 99 Length of caudal fin, from origin-------- 30 60 Breadthvof caudalfin 225-22. sos eee 42 25 Breadthiotodyps-as-2- seins naeq=eeee 15 23 henothvorsodorsalsarnse.2 ee. - 24 a— eeeee 24 45 Length of 2d pair of arms_-.--.------.-- 33 60 ensthiot 30) painofarme’. = 4-22. -seee 34 60 Ihength of yentralarms 2--. 2.2. ---2see- 80 J ate. Length of tentacular arms-._-..--------- ee 312 Breadth of dorsal arms, at base __--.---- 3 + Breadthvof veutralvanms -2.------.-see8 6 7 Breadth of tentacular arms --__-.-.. ---- 2 4 IDIPMMBteD OL Oye; 22 nessu cub. hk. eee 15 9 Men gth of ponee sso ae ja 5 oc eee a5 198 Breadth of pen anteriorly .-......-.-.-- ate 2°25 Breadth of pen posteriorly --...-.------ ne 2°50 Depth of pen posteriorly _--...-.-.----- ae 4°50

Specimens examined.

e Locality. Fath. eee stad Rec’d from Nor Sex. 24 ecexxv. N.L. 33°25’20"W.Lg. 76° 647 |1880] Blake |Mus.Comp.Zool.| 1 4

95 |ecexxvili.N.L. 34°28/25" W.Lg. 75°22760"|1632 |1880| Blake |Mus.Comp.Zool.| 1 4

— a

A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 299

Chiroteuthis Bonplandi D’0rb. (?).

Loligopsis Bonplandi Verany, Acad. Turin, ser. II, vol. i, Pl. 5. (Specimen without tentacular arms, t. D’Orb.). Chiroteuthis Bonplandi D’Orbigny, Céphal. Acétab., p. 226. (Description compiled from Verany). Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoél., vol. viii, Pl. 3, figs. 1-10, 1881.

Puate XLVII, Figures 1-10.

A detached tentacular arm, belonging to a species of Chiroteuthis, was taken by the U. 5. Coast Survey steamer “ Blake,” in the sum- mer of 1880, at station ccctit, lat. 41° 34’ 30’, long. 65° 54’ 30”, in 306 fathoms.

The arm is very long and slender; the length being 780" (or over 30 inches) ; its diameter being from 1°5 to 2"™, except near the base, where it is 3", and at the terminal club, which is 6"" broad, and 54™™" long. The arm is white, with purplish specks, and is generally roundish, except at the club; along the greater part of its length there is a row of rather distant sessile suckers, the distance between them being usually from 12-18""; these suckers are larger than those of the club and have a nearly flat upper surface and no horny marginal rim. <A row of small, simple, scattered pits, perhaps homo- logues of these suckers, extends up the back side of the club. These smooth suckers evidently serve to unite the tentacular arms together, when used in concert. The club is stouter than the rest of the arm, convex on both sides, and but little flattened; on each side it is bor- dered by a well developed, marginal membrane, supported by a series of transverse, thickened, but flat, tapering, acute, muscular processes, with their ends projecting beyond the edge of the membrane, as digit- ations; on the distal half of the club, these are separated by spaces greater than their breadth, but on the proximal portion they sub- divide into two or three parts, which become crowded close together, showing only narrow intervals or merely a groove between them. At the tip of the arm there is a thick, ovate, dark purple, spoon- shaped, hollow organ, about 4"™ long, with its opening on the back side of the arm. This so strongly resembles the spoon-shaped organ of the hectocotylized arm of some Octopods, as to suggest the pos- sibility of a similar use, for sexual purposes. The suckers are crowded in 4 to 8 indistinct rows. Their pedicels are long and slender, hay- ing beyond the middle a large, dark purple, fluted, swollen portion, beyond which the pedicel is more slender; the cup of the sucker is small and deep, with a very oblique, oblong-ovate, lateral opening ; horny rim, not distinctly toothed (fig. 10).

Trans. CONN. AcaD., VOL. V. 37 FEBRUARY, 1881,

300 A. EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

Histioteuthis Collinsii Verrill.

Amer. Journ. Sci., xvii, p. 241, March, 1879; xix, p. 290, 1880. Tryon, Man. Conch., i, p. 166, 1879, (copied from preceding.) Verrill, this vol., p. 234, Plate 22, Feb., 1879.

PuLate XXII. PLATE XXVII, FiguRES 3-5. PLATE XXXVII, FIGURE 5.

In addition to the original specimen, figured and described in Part I of this article (see p. 234), another specimen, represented by the jaws alone, has been received by the U.S. Fish Commission, from the Gloucester fisheries. (Lot 843.)

This was obtained on the Western Bank, off Nova Scotia.

Another beak was dredged by the “Fish Hawk,” at station 893, south of Newport, R. L, in 372 fathoms.

These jaws agree well in size and all other characters, with those of the original specimen (Pl. XX VII, fig. 4).

Family.—DrsMorEUTHID nov.

For the reception of the genera, Desmoteuthis V. and Taonius St., as defined below, I propose to establish this new family, which has hitherto been confounded with Cranchide and Loligopside.

Body much elongated, pointed posteriorly ; caudal fin narrow, terminal, mantle united to neck by a dorsal and two lateral muscular commissures. Pen lance-shaped, as long as the mantle, with a long narrow shaft; blade incurved or hooded posteriorly. G&sophagus and intestine very much elongated. Nidamental glands large, sym- metrical. Eyes large, protuberant; lids free and simple. No auditory crests. Siphon large, with neither internal valve nor dorsal bridle. Arms with depressed suckers. Tentacular arms with a well-developed club, bearing suckers.

Desmoteuthis, gen. nov.

Taonius (pars) Steenstrup, 1861.

Body very long, tapering backward to a long, slender, acute cau- dal portion. Caudal fin long, narrow, tapering to a long acute tip. Anterior edge of the mantle united directly to the head, on the dor- sal side, by a commissure, so that there is no free edge, medially, and the surface is continuous, as in Sepiola ; the dorsal commissure extends backward and diverges within the mantle; two additional muscular commissures unite the lateral inner surfaces of the mantle to the sides of the siphon. Eyes very large and prominent, with sim- ple circular lids. No aquiferous pores. Siphon large and promi- nent, with neither valve nor dorsal bridles. Arms small and short,

A, FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 301

subequal, with a basal web and lateral membranes; suckers smallest on the ventral arms, and urceolate; largest and flatish on the mid- dle of the lateral and dorsal arms; feebly toothed. Pen extending the whole length of the body, very slender and of uniform width for more than half the length, then becoming broad-lanceolate, the term- inal portion having the edges involute, forming a long slender cone, into which the ovary extends. Nidamental glands large, symmetri- cally developed on the two sides. Gills small, situated in front of the middle of the body.

The genus Zaonius was proposed by Steenstrup to include this and T. pavo (Les. sp.), but he has never, to my knowledge, definitely de- fined the genus. As 7! pavo appears to be generically distinct from the present genus, I propose to retain Zaonius, with TZ. pavo for its type. By many writers 7. pavo has been placed in Loligopsis, or Leachia. Steenstrup himself, formerly referred D. hyperborea to Leachia. By Tryon, both have been referred back to Loligopsis.

Loligopsis, as defined by D’Orbigny, in 1839, included 7. pavo, as well as the type of Leachia, but he referred Lamarck’s original type of Loligopsis to the genus, as emended by him, only with doubt.

It seems desirable, therefore, to explain this confusion, so far as possible.

Loligopsis Lamarck,* 1812 and 1822, was based only on an im- perfect figure, made by Péron, of a small oceanic squid, which had lost its tentacular arms. The supposed character of having eight arms was, for him, the only basis for the genus, no others being men- tioned. The species (Z. Peronii) was, however, described very briefly as a small squid with eight equal arms and two posterior, dis- tinct caudal fins, and it was compared to Sepiola. It has apparently not been rediscovered by later writers, unless LZ. chrysophthalma D’Orb., be the same species, which is quite possible. The latter, as figured, is a small, short-bodied species, with distinct, separate, small, caudal fins, which are free from the end of the body ; its mantle- edge is also represented as free, dorsally. This evidently is a generic type distinct from Taonius and Desmoteuthis. Indeed, it probably will be found not to belong to the same family, when actually studied. Therefore it seems necessary to allow the name Loligopsis to remain connected with such small, short-bodied species, for which, alone, it was originally used. The genus, in its original sense, cannot yet be regarded as fully established.

* Extr. de Cours de Zodl., p. 123, 1812 (t. D’Orb.); Animaux sans vert., vii, p. 659, (1822.

302 A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

Leachia Lesueur, 1821* (= Perothis (Esch.) Rathke, 1835), was also based on an imperfect figure of a small Pacific Ocean squid, which had likewise lost its tentacular arms. The only generic character given was, as in Lamarck’s case, the presence of only eight arms,—a purely fictitious character. The type of this genus was Leachia eycluira Les. It has a more elongated body, slender posteriorly, with a more or less rounded caudal fin, the two sides of the fin com- pletely united together and to the posterior end of the body. The third pair of arms is much larger than the others. The anterior dor- sal edge of the mantle is represented as free, in all the figures, but, according to D’Orbigny, there is an internal, dorsal commissure, and also two lateral ones. The visceral anatomy of one species of this group (L. guttata Grant), which D’Orbigny refers, probably cor- rectly,} to the original LZ. eyclura, is pretty well known, and is widely different from that of Desmoteuthis (see Pl. XX XIX, fig. 1), as well as from that of Taonius, so far as the latter is known.

There can be no doubt whatever as to the generic distinctness of Leachia, if the anatomy be taken into account. (See the figures of Grant and D’Orbigny.)

Taonius Steenstrup, 1861, (type 7. pavo). This differs from the two preceding genera in its more elongated form, narrow caudal fin, ete. From Leachia and Desmoteuthis it differs in the form of its pen. The dorsal edge of the mantle is represented and described as free by D’Orbigny. The anatomical characters are not known.

Desmoteuthis hyperborea Verrill.

Leachia hyperborea Steenstrup, Kongelige Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter, 5 r., iv, p. 200, 1856 (sep. copies, p. 16).

Taonius hyperboreus Steenst., Oversigt Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk., Forhandlin- ger, 1861, p. 83.

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xvii, p. 243, 1879; xix, p. 290, 1880.

Loligopsis hyperboreus Tryon, op. cit., p. 162 (inaccurate translation, after Steen-

strup). PLATE XXVII, FIGURES 1, 2. PLATE XXXIX, FIGURE |] (anatomy).

@. Body very long, tapering gradually backward, and ending in a long, slender, acute tail; mantle soft and flabby, with a capacious branchial cavity; anterior dorsal edge advancing somewhat in the

* Journal Philad. Acad., ii, p. 89, pl. 2.

+ Tryon criticizes this determination, because Lesueur “describes and figures a smooth species,” while L. guttata has two rows of curious tubercles on the ventral side. But as Lesueur only described a figure of the dorsal surface, his objection to this identi-

fication is absurd.

A. EF. Verrili— North American Cephalopods. 303

middle and directly united to the head, so as to leave no free edge medially, by a rather wide commissural band, the sides of which diverge as they extend backward within the mantle. Caudal fin long, narrow, lanceolate, narrowly acuminate to a very long, acute tip; the anterior insertions are wide apart, and the anterior border is rounded. Head short and small, exclusive of the eyes, which are very large, globular, and prominent, their lower sides in contact beneath the head; openings round, looking somewhat downward; pupils large and round; lids thin and simple. Siphon very large and prominent, extending forward between the eyes, but without a special groove; dorsal surface firmly united to the head by a thick commissure, leaving about half the length free; opening large, without any valve.

Arms comparatively small and short, none of them complete, in our specimen, except those of the 3d and 4th pairs, which are nearly equal in length, the ventral ones a little the shortest and most slen- der; the dorsal and 2d pairs of arms have lost their distal portions, but the parts of the dorsal arms remaining correspond in size with the ventral ones; and those of the 2d pair with the 3d pair. The arms are all united together by a thin, delicate basal web, which extends up some distance between the arms (farthest between the dorsal pair), and then runs along the sides of the arms, as broad, thin, marginal membranes, to the tips. Suckers of the ventral arms smaller and different in form from those of the others, all of them being urceolate, with narrow apertures, surrounded by a slightly enlarged border, and having small horny rings with the edge entire, or nearly so, on the proximal suckers, but on the smaller ones, toward the tip, with a few broad blunt teeth on the outer edge. On the dorsal and lateral arms the basal suckers are ventricose and urceolate, like those of the ventral arms, but along the middle por- tion of these arms the suckers become much larger, and have a broad shallow form, with wide apertures and expanded bases ; the horny rings of these larger suckers are divided into several broad, bluntly rounded teeth on the outer edge; toward the tips of the arms the smaller suckers again become deeper, with more contracted apertures, and with a few more prominent denticles on the rings.

Outer buccal membrane with seven obtuse angles, and united to the arms by eight bridles, or commissures, of which the upper one is double. Exposed part of the beak black; mandibles very acute, strongly incurved.

Pen very thin and narrow, and of nearly uniform width (4™") for more than half its length; at about four-sevenths of its length, from

304 A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

the anterior end, it gradually expands laterally into a broad, very thin, lanceolate form, becoming, opposite the broadest part of the fin, 30"" wide, with very delicate lateral expansions and with a pretty strong dorsal keel; farther back it tapers and is very acumi- nate, the lateral margins becoming involute, so as to form a very long, slender, acute, terminal, hollow cone, extending to the tip of the tail. The anterior end is obtusely rounded and thin; a short dis- tance from the anterior end there are two thin lateral processes, directed forward, to which the commissural muscles were attached.

Color of entire body, siphon, and caudal fin, dark brown, thickly covered with large roundish unequal spots of darker brown, and paler brown, intermixed ; head, eyes, arms, and web, dark brownish purple, with crowded chomatophores ; suckers yellowish.

Total length, to end of lateral arms, 16 inches; to dorsal edge of mantle, 13; length of head, 1; diameter of eye, 1; length of caudal fin, 5; its breadth, 1°80 inches.*

Measurements in millimeters.

FACES B Mengtihitostip of lateral arms. 2.202 os2--2 e--2 ee. o ee = sp eee es 410 cue henpthytowoase OlparMs,o22 S222 st Sscceeckice otee eee cee eee 364 nian jhonethtoredcerof mantle; above,= 2-2-2 ass. eee eee eee 330 | 210 ihengthvovacaudal sings =. 0202.2. StS ee see ee ee eee eee 127 103 IBTeAUitowomucHUd alin se kk Se el ee ee ee a 46 18 Diameter OLWOUy cn 2 sco aos ec shee shes ee een eee eee ee 57 ma Miameteriok Wyemcse 222-2 Sele ee RA pSSE CRRA) = BEES eee be 25 26 Then throtesaiapait Olpanms 22: osee eee cae eae ee ee eee 56 63 Menethionmnventnalvarns. 26.2. 2 eee eee ye ey ye ok are Ne 52 38 Diameter of largest suckers of lateral arms,---.--2:----£--22---222 3 5 henpthyonpentean ess pos a see eee eee see ae eee 330 a CO MeAMLSTLO CMe ale ONOLOU soo ee ee eee em aa oe 180 dhe Oftposteror lanceolate part,: 222225 eee eee ae ate ee eee 150 we Breadthvoisanteror sportion: 4... - epee eee e ee eee eee eee 3 ae BreadthpOimaneeo ate pant... = Sean eee en ee a ee 30 oe

A. is the specimen described above; B. is the specimen described by Steenstrup from Greenland. The latter had the dorsal arms 40™™ long ; 2d pair 50™™; tentacular arms 68 and 70™™ respectively. The larger size of the suckers of the latter may indicate that it was a male.

Our specimen was taken near the northern edge of the Gulf Stream, W. long. 55°, by Thomas Lee, of the schooner “ Wm. H. Oaks,” Jan., 1879, and by him presented to the U. 8. Fish Commis- sion. Baftfin’s Bay, Northern Greenland (Steenstrup).

*Some of these measurements are slightly larger than those originally given. This is due to the fact that the specimen has been kept, since first received, in some- what weaker alcohol, and has become more relaxed in consequence of this, combined with repeated handling.

Geel

A. EF. Verrili— North American Cephalopods. 305

Notes on the Visceral Anatomy. PLuatE XXXIX, FIGURE 1.

The only specimen of this species obtained had the internal organs considerably injured, but the anatomy is so unlike that of the more common genera of squids, that it seemed to me desirable to figure such parts as are preserved.

This specimen is a female and the large nidamental glands (2’, xa, we’) are symmetrically developed, on the two sides; these are swollen, voluminous organs, composed of great numbers of internal lamelle ; the anterior ones (#’) occupy the region around, and in front of the bases of the gills, extending forward and having an oblique, oblong opening (op, op’) on the outside of the anterior ends; the posterior ones (ax, ex’) are behind the gills and cover the branchial auricles, the oblique, slit-like opening is on the outside of the posterior ends; the gland on the left side (wzx’) was mutilated ; the posterior vena- cava, in front of 7’, passes through the center of the posterior gland (xx). The ovary (ov) is a very long organ, attached to the stomach (s) and to the sides of its long cecal appendage; it extends far back- ward to near the tip of the tail, occupying the concavity of the pen (p); it consists of great numbers of small clustered folicles; con- nected with its anterior end, and attached to the stomach, there is a convoluted tube, probably an oviduct, not shown in the figure; con- nected with the intestine, near its origin (between s and 7), there is a firm, rounded organ (gizzard ?), with internal lamella, opening into the intestine. The stomach was much mutilated, so that its form could not be certainly made out; its cavity is occupied by numerous longitudinal folds ; a very long, saccular cecal appendage, longitudinally plicated within, runs back, along the ovary, into the caudal cavity of the pen. The esophagus had been destroyed. The intestine (J, A) is very long and slender, internally longitudinally plicated, and exter- nally covered along nearly its whole length, on one side, by close groups of small, glandular folicles (/, 2); the posterior portion is closely attached to the ventral edge of the smooth, compressed, oblong-ovate liver (¢), and the free, stout, anal end (/) is provided with two slender, tapering cirri. Ink-sac small, pyriform.

The gills (g, g) are small and short, situated far forward, and con- nected to the ventricle of the heart (#), by long afferent vessels (40); the branchial auricles (aw, au) are rounded, without terminal cap- sules; the ventricle of the heart (/Z), as preserved, is small and four- lobed. The largest lobe directed forward and passing into the anterior aorta. The condition of the specimen did not permit the circulation to

306 A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

be much studied. The two large, fusiform, cellular organs (7, 7’) are probably renal in nature ; their interior is filled with large, irregular cavities or lacunze, which appear to be connected with the posterior ven cavee (ve).

Taonius Steenstrup. Loligo (pars) Lesueur, Journ. Philad. Acad., ii, p. 96, 1821. Loligopsis (pars) D’Orbigny, Céph. Acétab., p. 320, (non Lamarck). Gray (pars), Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 39, 1849. Taonius (pars) Steenstrup, Oversigt Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1861, pp. 70, 85.

This genus seems to bear about the same relation to Desmoteuthis that Rossia does to Sepiola. Its relations with JLoligopsis and Leachia have already been discussed (pp. 301, 302). The body is short-pointed posteriorly. The caudal fin is long-cordate, but not slender pointed. The pen is lance-shaped, the anterior portion being long, narrow, of nearly uniform width ; posterior end broad-lanceolate, short-pointed posteriorly, and, according to the figures, without a cone at the tip. The anterior dorsal edge of the mantle is repre- sented as free externally, but there is a dorsal commissure within the mantle-cavity, and a lateral one on each side. Arms short, subequal ; suckers flat, denticulate ; those of the tentacles with sharp, incurved teeth. Eyes large, globular, prominent, lids free and simple.

Siphon with neither valve, nor dorsal bridle. No external ears, nuchal crests, nor cephalic aquiferous pores.

Taonius pavo Steenstrup. Loligo pavo Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat. Science Philad., ii, p. 96, with a Plate, 1821. Loligopsis pavo Ferussac and D’Orb., Céph. Acétab., p. 321, Calmars, Pl. 6, figs. 1-4, (after Lesueur); Loligopsis, Pl. 4, figs. 1-8 (details, original).

Binney, in Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. II, p. 309, (but not the figure, Pl. 26).

Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 290, 1880.

Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 9, Pl. 1, fig. 3 (after Lesueur); Man. Conch., i, p. 163, Pl. 68, fig. 252, Pl. 69, fig. 253, 1879 (descr. from Gray, figures from Lesueur and D’Orb.).

Tuonius pavo Steenst., Oversigt Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forh., 1861, pp. 70

and 85.

This species differs externally from the preceding in having a much shorter, obtuse, oblong-cordate, fin, instead of a long, slender, pointed one, and by its very distinct coloration. According to Les- ueur the general color is carmine-brown, the mantle, head, and arms “cgovered on every part with very large ocellations, which are con- nected together by smaller intermediate ones.” Length of mantle, 10 inches.

A, FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 307

Sandy Bay, Mass. (Lesueur). Newfoundland (Steenstrup). Off Madeira (D’Orbigny).

No instance of the occurrence of this oceanic species on the New England coast has been recorded since the original specimen was described by Lesueur, in 1821. The circumstances connected with the history of his specimen are such as to render it not improbable that some interchange of labels had occurred in his case. Therefore, the New England habitat, for this species, needs confirmation.

Lesueur’s statement (loc. cit., p. 94) is that when at Sandy Bay, Mass. (on Cape Ann), in 1816, he saw a “ great number” of squids (“Loligos”) that had been taken by the fishermen for bait, and that : “The beautiful color with which they were ornamented, induced me to take a drawing of one immediately, but not then having leisure to complete it, I took a specimen with me to finish the drawing at my leisure. But recently [in 1821] upon comparing this specimen with my drawing, I was much surprised to perceive that I had brought with me a very distinct species from that which I had observed [ 0. illecebrosus|. I mention this circumstance to explain the cause of the brevity of the following description [of O. ilecebrosus| taken from my drawing.” The drawing was also inaccurate, for the same reason.

Loligo Lamarck, 1779.

Loligo (pars) Lamarck, Syst. Anim. sans vert., p. 60, 1801.

Pteroteuthis (sub-genus) Blainville, Man. Malac., p. 367, 1825.

Loligo (restricted) D’Orbigny, Céph. Acétab., p. 305, 1848.

Body more or less elongated, tapering to a point behind ; anterior edge of mantle free dorsally, and prolonged into a lobe, covering the end of the pen. Caudal fin elongated-rhomboidal, united to the sides of the body to the tip. Mantle connected to the neck by a dorsal and two lateral connective cartilages; lateral cartilages of the mantle simple, longitudinal ridges ; corresponding cartilages, on the base of the siphon, irregularly ovate, with a median groove. Pen as long as the mantle, anteriorly narrow, with a central keel, and two lateral ridges; posteriorly broad, thin, lanceolate, concave, but not involute. Head rather large; eyes without lids, covered with transparent skin, pupil encroached upon dorsally by the iris; a small pore in front of the eyes; behind the eyes, on each side, there is an oblique transverse, and two longitudinal, erect, thin crests, in rela- tion with the ears. Siphon situated in a shallow groove, united to the head by two dorsal bridles, and furnished with an internal valve. Six buccal aquiferous pores, and a pair of branchial pores, one on

TRANS. Conn. ACAD., VoL. V. 38 ' FEBRUARY, 1881,

308 A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

each side, between the bases of the 3d and 4th pairs of arms. Buce- cal membrane with seven elongated points, covered on their inner surfaces with small suckers; in the female with a special organ (Pl. XXIX, fig. 4,8), below the beak, on the ventral side, for the attach- ment of the spermatophores. :

Sessile arms angular; basal web rudimentary or none; suckers in two rows, oblique, deep cup-shaped; horny rings toothed on the broad side, and surrounded with a median ridge. Male with one of the ventral arms (usually the left) hectocotylized, near the tip, by an enlargement of the bases of the pedicels of the suckers and a decrease, or disappearance, of the cups. Tentacular arms long and strong, with an expanded club, provided with marginal membranes and a dorsal keel ; suckers, on the widest part, usually in four rows, those in the two central rows larger, broad urceolate; smaller ones cover the proxi- mal and distal portions; no connective suckers on the club or along the arm.

Oviduct large, developed only on the left side. Nidamental glands large, in front of heart. Eggs in fusiform, gelatinous capsules, attached by one end, and usually radially united into large clusters.

Loligo Pealei Lesueur. Typical form.

Loligo Pealet Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., vol. ii, p. 92, Plate 8, 1821. Loligo Pealit Blainville, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 144, 1823. Férussac and D’Orbigny, Céph. Acétab., p. 311, Calmars, Pl. 11, figs. 1-5, Pl. 20, figs. 17-21 (details). Gray (Pealii), Catal. Moll. Brit. Mus., i, p. 71, 1849. Binney in Gould’s Invert. Mass., ed. 2, p. 514, Pl. 25, figs. 339, 340, (figure errone- ously referred to O. Bartramit). Verrill (Pealii), Report on Invert. Vineyard Sd., pp. 440, 635 (sep. copies, p. 341), Pi. 20, figs. 102-105, 1877. Tryon (Pealit), Man. Conch., i, p. 142, Pl. 51, figs. 133-140, (figs. from Fér. and D’Orb., and Dekay). Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., iii, p. 281, 1872; Amer. Naturalist, viii, p. 170 (habits); Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 292, 1880 (descr.). Loligo punctata Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Mollnsea, p. 3, Pl. 1, fig. 1, 1843 (young). Binney, in Gould Invert. Mass., p. 513 (after Dekay). Tryon, Amer. Mar. Conch., p. 14, Pl. 43, figs. 10, 11 (after Dekay).

Variety, borealis Verrill. Loligo Pealei, var. borealis Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 292, 1880. Variety, pallida Vervill.

Loligo pallida Verrill, Rep. Invert. Viney. Sd., in Rep. U. 8. Com. Fish and Fish- eries, i, p. 635, [341], Pl. 20, figs. 101, 10la, 1874. -

ee

A, FE. Verrili— North American Cephalopods. 309

Loligo Pealei Lesueur (continued). Tryon, Man. Conch., p. 143, Pl. 52, figs. 141, 142, (deser., and figs. copied from pre- ceding). Verrill, Amer. Journ. Sci., xix, p. 292, 1880.

PLATE XXIX, Fies. 1-4, PLATE XXXVII, ries. 1-3 (pens). . Phare XXXIX, Fig. 4 (odontophore). PLATE XL (anatomy). PLATE XLI (anatomy and young). PLATE XLV, Figs. 3, 4 (young).

Body rather elongated, more or less stout, according to state of distention or contraction,* tapering backward to a moderately acute posterior end, more acute in the male than in the female. Caudal fin long-rhomboidal, with the outer angles very obtusely rounded ; and varying, according to age, in the ratio of its length to its breadth, and greatly, also, in the proportion that its length bears to that of the mantle.t The length of the caudal fin, in proportion to that of the body (mantle), although variable, normally increases with age, even after sexual maturity. In this species, with specimens having the mantle from 100 to 125™™ long, the ratio of the fin to the mantle usually varies from 1: 1°80 to 1: 1°90; with the mantle 150 to 175™™ long, the ratio usually becomes 1: 1°65 to 1:1°75; in the largest Specimens, with the mantle, 260 to 400™™ long, the ratio varies from 1: 1°50 to 1: 1°65, rarely becoming 1:1°75. The ratio of the breadth of the caudal fin to the length of the mantle, in the larger male specimens, ranges from 1:2°12 to 1:2°40, varying considerably according to the mode of preservation; in the larger females it varies from 1: 1°70 to 1: 2°12.

The anterior ventral edge of the mantle recedes, in front of the siphon, in a broad curve, leaving an obtuse angle at either side, oppo- site the lateral cartilages; from these angles it again recedes, on the sides, in a concave line, and then projects considerably forward, form- ing a prominent, median, dorsal lobe, which gradually tapers from the base, and then rather suddenly narrows to a point, over the end of the pen; the point, when in its normal position, reaches as far

*The mantle, when the gill-cavity is distended with water, has a larger size than when the water is expelled by the contraction of its walls, which is usually the con- dition in which specimens die. Moreover, when the large stomach is distended with food, and when the ovary is distended, in the breeding season, with eggs, the form is stouter than usual.

+ This variation is largely independent of sex, and is due partly to the ordinary changes during growth; partly to the condition of the muscular tissues at the time of death; and partly to the effects of the alcohol in which they have been preserved. These latter causes, in the case of preserved specimens, more or less obscure the effects of growth in causing the proportions to change.

310 A, E.. Verrill— North American Cephalopods.

forward as the posterior border of the eye, or even beyond it. Dorsal connective cartilage long, tapering backwards, with a very prom- inent, broad, dorsal keel; the anterior end is free and shaped like the end of the pen. Siphon large, rounded anteriorly, with a broad, bilabiate opening ; lateral cartilages (Pl. XL, fig. 1,7) long and narrow, subacute anteriorly, posterior end with a thin, rounded, outer lobe; median grvove narrow. The connective cartilages of the mantle (fig. 1,7’) are simple, longitudinal ridges, fading out grad- ually posteriorly. Head moderately large, usually narrower than the mantle; smaller in the male than in the female; eyes large; nuchal crests (fig. 1, 0b) above the ear, formed by longer upper, and shorter inferior, oblique, longitudinal membranes, the two united by a doubly curved, or V-shaped membrane, having its angle directed forward, the whole having a rude, W-shaped form.

Arms large, stout, the three upper pairs successively longer; the ventral ones a little shorter than the third pair, and a little longer than the second pair. All the arms have narrow, thin, marginal membranes, strengthened by strong, transverse, muscular ridges. The first and second pairs of arms are trapezoidal at base; third pair stouter, compressed, with a keel on the middle of the outer side. Suckers in two regular rows on all the arms, deep, very oblique; largest on the lateral arms; those on the ventral arms are smaller, but otherwise similar. Horny rings yellowish, or brownish (white when fresh), strong; on the larger proximal suckers the outer or higher side is divided into about six broad, flattened, incurved teeth, which are blunt, subtruncate, and sometimes even emarginate at tip, remainder of margin nearly even; the smaller suckers, toward the tips of the arms, have the teeth longer, much more slender, and more acute.

The tentacular arm (PI. X XIX, fig. 2) with fresh specimens, in full extension, may reach back nearly to the end of the body; with pre- served specimens it seldom extends beyond the middle of the caudal fin; it is rather slender, compressed, and has a narrow, thin, mem- branous keel along the outer edge, which becomes wider at the club ; on the distal half of the club it is much wider and runs a little obliquely along the back part of the upper side, where it is usually folded down against the side, its inner surface being whitish. The elub is rather broad and thick, with a wide, scalloped, marginal membrane along each edge; these membranes are strengthened by transverse muscular ridges, which commence between the large cen- tral suckers and fork at the pedicels of the marginal ones. Along

EE ————= eee

| ee

ee eee

A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 311

the center of the club there are two alternating rows of large, broad, depressed suckers, about seven in each, with a few smaller ones, of the same series, at both ends; along each edge, alternating with the large suckers, there is a row of smaller and more oblique marginal suckers, about half as large. The proximal part of the club bears only a few small denticulated suckers; the distal part bears a large number of small, sharply denticulated, pedicelled suckers, crowdedly arranged in four rows; close to the tips of the arms about twenty of the small suckers have smooth rims and very short pedicels, but are still in four rows. The large suckers vary greatly in relative size, according to age, sex, season, and locality ; they are a little higher on one side than on the other, with a broad aperture, surrounded by a horny, marginal ring, which is divided all around into sharp, un- equal teeth, which are larger on the outer side (Pl. XL, fig. 5) ; usually one minute, sharp tooth stands between two larger ones, and these sets of three stand between still larger and less acute ones ; the horny ring is surrounded by a wide, thick, soft, marginal mem- brane; below the border, a groove surrounds the sucker, and below this there is a basal swelling, equalling or exceeding the margin in diameter. The smaller marginal suckers (Pl. XL, fig. 4a, 4) have the aperture more oblique and the horny ring much wider on the outer side, with its outer, sharp, marginal teeth longer and more incurved ; usually these have the teeth alternately larger and smaller.

The outer buccal membrane (Plate X XIX, fig. 4) is large, thin, with seven prominent, elongated, acute angles, all of which have a cluster of about ten to fifteen, small, pedicelled suckers, in two rows, on the inner surface (a, 6, c,d). These suckers have horny rings, denticu- lated on one side. In the female there is a special thickened organ (s) in the form of a horse-shoe, on the inner ventral surface of the buccal membrane. This in the breeding season serves for the attach- ment of the spermatophores by the male.

The muscular pharynx (fig. 4, e, 7) containing the jaws can be pro- truded its whole length. The inner buccal membrane (7) or sheath enclosing the beak (m), has a prominent, thickened, radially-wrinkled and puckered anterior margin. On the ventral side the pharynx bears, externally, two thin chitinous plates, not connected with the jaws. The points and exposed edges of the beak are hard and black, becoming dark reddish brown farther back; the ale, gular and pala- tine laminz are thin and pale yellowish or light amber-color, in alco- holic specimens. The upper mandible (Pl. XXXIV, figs. 4, 4a, var. pallida) has a sharp, strongly-incurved point; cutting edge regularly

312 A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

curved, with a triangular notch at its base, followed by a prominent triangular tooth on the alar edge, beyond which the edge is nearly straight, but recedes somewhat. Lower mandible with a sharply incurved point and sinuous cutting edges, which have a slight tooth below the middle and only a slight rounded notch at base, which passes gradually into the very oblique and receding alar edge. The bilobed palate is covered with a chitinous membrane which bears transparent, small, sharp, recurved denticles.

Odontophore with pale amber-colored teeth, and thin transparent borders. The median teeth (Pl. XXXIV, fig. 3; Pl. XX XVII, fig. 6,a; Pl. XX XIX, fig. 4) are broad with a long acute median denticle, and a shorter curved and less acute lateral one, on each side; the inner lateral teeth are short, strongly incurved, with a longer acute central denticle and a smaller outer one, and with the inner angle of the base slightly prominent; the next to the outer lateral teeth (fig. 6,¢) are much longer, broad, tapered, curved, acute; the outer teeth (fig. 6, 7) are longer, more slender, more curved, triquetral, and very acute with a large basal lobe. A row of thin, distinct, roundish scales (fig.6, e) forms a border, outside the teeth.

The pen is thin, translucent, pale yellowish, in fresh specimens, but brownish or amber-color in alcoholic specimens. It has a short, nar- row, anterior shaft and a long, very thin, lanceolate blade, which is concave beneath, especially posteriorly, for the edges curve down- ward, but are not involute; the posterior tip is acute, shghtly thick- ened and curved downward, so that the posterior end is shaped some- thing like the forward part of a shallow canoe. In the male the pen is relatively longer and the blade narrower than in the female. The extreme anterior end is thin and flexible, and rather abruptly pointed, being shaped like a pen; the shaft is rather stiff, with a strong, regu- larly rounded keel, convex above and concave beneath; outside of the keel the marginal portion curves outward and then upward, so that its convex surface is below, and the edge slightly turns up. The shaft, with its central keel and marginal ridges, extends to the posterior tip of the pen, decreasing regularly in width beyond the commencement of the blade. The blade is at first very narrow, and gradually increases in width; it is marked by numerous slightly thickened ridges, which diverge from the central line as they extend backward ; the edges are very thin.

In the larger males the proportion of the greatest breadth of the blade to the total length of the pen varies from 1; 7°50 to 1; 9°36, In the females it varies from 1; 5°60 to 1; 6710,

A, E. Verrili—North American Cephalopods. 313

The following description of the colors was made from a freshly caught, adult, male specimen (1 G); taken in New Haven Harbor, May 18, 1880.

Upper surfaces of the body, head and caudal fin thickly covered with rather large chromatophores, which are mostly rounded or nearly circular, except along the middle of the back, where they are more crowded and darker, and mostly have a long-elliptical form (perhaps accidental).

The chromatophores, when expanded, are light red to dark lake- red, varying to purplish red and pink; when contracted to small points, they become brownish purple.

On the head, behind the middle of the eyes, and toward the mar- gin of the caudal fin, the spots are smaller and less numerous, the intervening bluish white ground-color showing more largely. Over most of the dorsal surface the chromatophores are arranged more or less evidently in circular groups; usually the central chromatophore is a large, round, dark purplish spot; this is surrounded by a circular space of whitish ground-color; and by a circle of roundish chromat- ophores, mostly of different shades of lake-red and pink, and a deeper lying circle of pale canary-yellow ones. On the lower side they are so thinly scattered that they leave much of the translucent bluish white ground-color visible between them; along the median ventral line the spots are more numerous, producing a distinct median stripe. The caudal fin is clear bluish white beneath, and very translucent, becoming almost transparent near the margin.

Exposed part of the siphon similar to the ventral surface of the body, but with the spots more sparse, and mostly disappearing near the margin and at the base; lower side of the head, in front of the eyes, sparsely spotted. Outer and upper sides of the upper arms, and outer surfaces of the ventral pair similarly, but somewhat more densely, specked; both sides of the ventral arms and lower sides of the lateral arms pinkish white and unspotted. Tentacular arms pale translucent, bluish white, with the outer surface, except at base, rather thinly specked with small purplish chromatophores; the inner surface and upper side of the tip and the suckers are translucent white; rings of suckers white.

On the inner surface of the dorsal and lateral arms, between the suckers, there are a few large chromatophores, and a double row of them runs out obliquely on the muscular thickenings of the mar- ginal membrane, alternating with the suckers, on each side; suckers pure translucent, bluish white (becoming yellow or brown in alcohol),

314 A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

The pupils of the eyes are deep bluish black; on the upper side they are encroached upon by a sinuous, downward extension of the iris, which is silvery or pearly white, with brilliant, green, opalescent reflections at the upper margin.

Sexual differences.

The sexes differ to a considerable extent, in proportions. If we compare specimens of equal length, the female will have the body relatively stouter and less tapered posteriorly than the male; the head is decidedly larger;* the arms are longer; the suckers are usually distinctly larger, especially those of the tentacular arms. But if we compare specimens having the head and arms of equal size, the male will be found to have a decidedly longer, more slender and more tapered body, and a somewhat longer and narrower fin. (See table B, for comparative proportions.)

In the adult male the circumference of the head to the mantle- length usually varies from 1: 2°55 to 3°45, averaging about 1: 3°10; in the female from 1: 1°75 to 1: 2°45, averaging about 1: 2°25.

The ratio of the breadth of the fin to the mantle-length, in the male, varies from 1: 2°12 to 1: 2°45, averaging about 1: 2°25; in the female, from 1:1°70 to 1: 2°12, averaging about 1: 1°90.

The ratio of the diameter of the largest tentacular suckers to the mantle-length varies, in the male, from 1:50 to 1:90, averaging about 1:65; in the female it varies from 1:36 to 1:54, averaging about 1: 45.

The proportion of the length of the dorsal arms to the mantle- length, in the male, averages about 1: 3°50; in the female about 12°78.

The most marked effect of strong alcohol is to reduce the diameter of the body and the breadth of the caudal fin to a proportionally far greater extent than it does the length of the mantle and fin. Therefore, specimens that have been preserved in too strong alcohol often look like a different species, and the females often resemble the males, on account of their apparently longer and narrower fins and unnaturally slender bodies.

The pen of the female is relatively broader and shorter than that of the male (see table A).

* Some of the nominal European species of Loligo, that have been based on the smaller size of the head, arms, and suckers are probably only the males of the common species. The sexual variations in this genus have apparently been very imperfectly understood by European writers generally.

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A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 315

The best and most positive external characters for distinguishing the sexes, are the hectocotylized condition of the left ventral arm of the male, near the tip (Plate X XIX, fig. 3, 3a); and the presence, in the female, of a horse-shoe shaped sucker, or place for attachment of the spermatophores, on the inner buccal membrane, below the beak (fig. 4, s). These characters, however, are not present in the very young individuals, and in those with the mantle two or three inches long they appear only in a very rudimentary state.*

A.—Sexual variations in the pen. (Measwrements in inches).

Obs ol G9Ve | So LOVING Wie | 2B. | SRE. 9 LV |e An: Length of pen__- .-_---| 10°50 | 10°20 | 9°55 8°50 eS 7:65 1) 7°50 Length of shaft _-_-__- 1°40 2°10 2°20 2°00 2°00 1:10 1°50 1°50 Length of blade _-____-- 9-110) |) 810!) 1-85) |) 6:50) |) b=%b ||) 6°55 || 6:05" |) 6:00 Breadth of shaft___. -_- wai) *35 “40 “40 15 38 +30 "235 Breadth of blade____-_-_- 140 115 1:02 98 1:00 1°35 1:25 | 130 Proportions : Greatest breadth to lenoiheeresaase eas | a0 8°86 | 9°36 | 8-67 (Tale 266) |) 6204) 516

The specimen marked An. is from Cape Ann, Mass. (var. borealis); that marked ¢ K., is var. pallida from Astoria, N. Y.; the rest are from Vineyard Sound, Mass.

The adult males have the left ventral arm conspicuously hectocoty- lized (Plate X XIX, figs. 3, 3a) by an alteration and enlargement of the sucker-pedicels and a decrease in the size of the cups of the suckers, some of which usually disappear entirely, especially in the outer row. The modification commences at about the 18th to 20th sucker, by the swelling of the bases of the pedicels; on succeeding suckers this rapidly becomes more marked and the swollen bases of the pedicels become more elongated and gradually become compressed trans- versely, while the size of the cups rapidly decreases till at about the 28th to 30th they are very minute and rest at the summits of the large, flattened, acute-triangular supports; from the 30th to 35th the cups usually become mere rudiments or disappear, in large males; beyond this the cups again grow larger and the pedicels decrease in size, till the small suckers become normal on the tip of the arm. About twenty-five to thirty of the suckers of the outer row are thus

* Professor Steenstrup formerly advanced the opinion that the males of Octopus and other genera of Cephalopods were provided with the hectocotylized arm from the first, but this we have not found to be the case. The hectocotylized condition of the arm in Loligo is developed in proportion to the development of the internal sexual organs, and is first distinctly noticeable in the larger of the young ones taken in autumn, and in the spring, in the young ones that have survived their first winter.

TRANS. Conn. ACAD., VOL. V. 39 FEBRUARY, 1881.

316 A. EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

modified in the larger males. Of the inner row, a somewhat smaller number of suckers show distinct alteration, and these are less exten- sively altered; their pedicels are swollen and their cups reduced, but not to so great an extent, and usually none of the cups are entirely absent.

In young males, with the mantle about 70™™ to 90™™, (young of the previous year, or perhaps of the first year, when three to five months old,) these modifications of the suckers begin to appear, at first very indistinctly, by a slight enlargement of the bases of the pedicels and a scarcely noticeable decrease in the size of the cups. In specimens with the mantle 100™™ to 130™" long (probably young of the previous year, nine months to a year old) the modification of the suckers, though much less marked than in the adults, is sufficiently distinct, the pedicels having become distinctly longer and stouter, while the cups are evidently reduced in size, but none of them are abortive in such specimens.

Loligo Pealei, var. borealis Verrill.

PLATE XXXVII, FIGURE 2 (pen). PLATE XLI, FIGURE 1, (anatomy).

Since this variety was described I have had opportunities to exam- ine a much larger series of specimens from Cape Ann. These show very plainly that this form passes by intermediate gradations, into the typical form, so that it cannot be considered as anything more than a local or geographical variety. The differences in the propor- tion of the fin to the mantle, noticed in the original specimens, do not hold good, with a larger series. The only varietal character, of much importance, is the relatively smaller suckers, and this is much less marked in most of the later examples than in the former ones, and is a character that varies greatly in the specimens from every locality.*

In the original specimens the ‘pen’ (Pl. XXXVII, fig. 2) while having the general form of that of LZ. Pealei, tapers more gradually anteriorly, and has a narrower, more tapered, sharper and stiffer anterior tip. The variations in proportion are sufficiently indicated by the measurements given in tables A, B and C, in which those specimens designated as 2 G. to 5 G. were measured while fresh. The one marked An. @ is from the lot originally described as variety borealis, and illustrates the abnormally small size of the suckers.

* Probably those with abnormally small tentacular suckers are instances in which the arms, the clubs, or the suckers have been lost and afterwards reproduced, as explained below. :

A. FE. Verrili—North American Cephalopods. 317

Loligo Pealei, var. pallida Verrill. PLATE XXXIV, FiguRES 1-4: PLATE XXXVII, FIGURES 9-11, (suckers). PLATE XL, FIGURE 1, (anatomy).

This geographical variety or sub-species is distinguished from the typical form chiefly by its shorter and stouter body, in both sexes, its broader and larger caudal fin, and the larger size of the suckers, especially those of the tentacular club.

The caudal fin is broad-rhomboidal, often as broad as long, or even broader than long, in adult specimens. The ratio of the breadth of the fin to the mantle-length, in the larger specimens (with mantle 150™” to 225"™ long) is, in the males, from 1: 1-75 to 1: 2°00, while in L. Pealei, of corresponding size, the ratio is 1:2°15 to 1: 2°30; in the females of var. pallida, of similar size, the ratio varies from 1:1°45 to 1:1°75 (see tables F, G). Tentacular arms long and slender, varying in length according to the amount of contraction, in extension longer than the body, the club or portion that bears suckers forming about one-third the whole length. In a few males the larger suckers on the middle of this portion are not so large as the largest on the other arms, but usually they are twice as large. In some females the principal suckers of the tentacular arms are very much larger than in others, and considerably exceed those of the males of equal length; they form two alternating rows, of eight to ten each, along the middle of the club; external to them there is a row of smaller suckers alternating with them on each side; the suckers toward the tips are very numerous, sinall and crowded in four rows ; at the tip there is a group of about twenty minute, smooth-edged suckers, in four rows. Outside of the suckers, on each side, there is a broad marginal membrane, having the edges scalloped and strengthened between the scallops by strong, transverse, muscular ridges ; another membranous fold runs along the back side, expand- ing into a broad membranous keel or crest near the end. The arms of the ventral pair are intermediate in length between those of the second and third pairs.

Ground-color of the body, head, arms and fins, pale, translucent yellowish white; the upper surface is covered with pale brown, une- qual, circular spots, which are not crowded, having spaces of whitish between them; the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, but somewhat clustered above the eyes; entire ventral surface pale, with small, distant, brownish, circular spots, which are nearly obsolete on the siphon and arms. The general appearance of the animal, when fresh, is unusually pale and gelatinous. The pen is broad, quill- shaped, translucent and amber-colored.

318 A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

A medium-sized male specimen, recently preserved in alcohol, measured 145™” from the base of the dorsal arms to the posterior end of the body; length of body, 120"; length of caudal fin, 70™™ ; breadth of fin, 75™"; length of first pair of arms, 42"; of second pair, 50"; of third, 60"; of ventral pair, 53°"; of tentacular arms, 150", (For other measurements see tables B to E.)

Astoria, Long Island, 1870, (Robert Benner).

This form has been received, hitherto, only from the western part of Long Island Sound, where it is abundant with the schools of menhaden, on which it feeds.

Reproduction of lost parts.

I have observed in this species, as well as in Ommastrephes illece- brosus, numerous instances in which some of the suckers have been torn off and afterwards reproduced. In such examples new suckers of various sizes, from those that are very minute up to those that are but little smaller than the normal ones, can often be found scattered among the latter, on the same individual. It seems to me possible that some of the specimens having the suckers on the tentacular arms unusually small, may have reproduced all those suckers, or still more likely, the entire arm.

I have seen specimens of this species, and also of O. ilecebrosus, which, after having lost the tips, or even the distal half of one or more of the sessile arms, have more or less completely reproduced the lost parts.* In such cases the restored portion is often more slender and has smaller suckers than the normal arms, and where the old part joins the new there is often an abrupt change in size. Probably this difference would wholly disappear, after a longer time.

An unquestionable and most remarkable example of the reproduc- tion of several entire arms occurs in a small specimen taken off New- port, R. L, Aug., 1880. This has the mantle 70" long; dorsal arms 92™™, 3d pair of arms 30". The three upper pairs of arms are per- fectly normal, but both the tentacular and both the ventral arms have evidently been entirely lost and then reproduced, from the very base. These four arms are now nearly perfect in form, but are

* Perhaps the Dosidicus Eschrichtii Steenstrup is only an Ommastrephes or Sthenoteu- this which had lost and partially reproduced the tips of all the arms. Aside from the solid cone of the pen, characters have not been given sufficient to distinguish it generically. My former reference of this species (p. 250) to the Teuthidw, was an error, due to the brevity of the original description.

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A, FE. Verrill— North American Cephalopods. 319

scarcely half their normal size on the left side, and still smaller on the right side. The left tentacular arm is only 24™™ long, and very slender, but it has the normal proportion of club, and the suckers, though well formed, are diminutive, and those of the two median rows are scarcely larger than the lateral ones, and delicately dentic- ulated. The right tentacular arm is less than half as long (12™™) being of about the same length as the restored ventral one of the same side; it is also very slender and its suckers very minute and soft, in four equal rows. The right ventral arm is only 14™" long; the left one 15™™ long; both are provided with very small but otherwise normal suckers.

In another specimen from Vineyard Sound, a female, with the mantle about 150™™ long, one of the tentacular arms had lost its club, but the wound had healed and a new club was in process of formation. This new club is represented by a small tapering acute process, starting out obliquely from the stump, and having a sigmoid curva- ture; its inner surface is covered with very minute suckers. The other arms are normal.

Eggs and Young.

The eggs are contained in many elongated, fusiform, gelatinous capsules (cut 3), which are attached in clusters by one end to sea- weeds or some other common support ; from the point of attachment

they radiate in all directions. These clusters are often six or eight inches in diameter, containing hundreds of the capsules, which are mostly from two to three inches long and filled with numerous eggs, the number varying from 20, or less, up to about 200, The trans- parent eggs are arranged, in the well-formed capsules, in six or more rows and are so closely crowded that they touch each other and often take polygonal forms, especially when preserved.

How many of these capsules are deposited by one female is very uncertain. Probably several females are concerned in the formation of the larger clusters. The eggs are mostly laid in June and July, but many are laid in August, and some even in September. By the

320 A. FE. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

11th of June, in the vicinity of New Haven, many of these eggs con- tain embryos in advanced stages of development (Plate XLI, figs. 2, 3; Plate XLV, fig. 4). The embryos, before hatching, can swim around inside the eggs.

These embryos are very beautiful objects to observe under the microscope.

Even at this early period some of the chromatophores are already developed in the mantle and arms, and during life, if examined under the microscope, these orange and purple vesicles can be seen to con- tract and expand rapidly and change colors, as in the adult, but.the phenomena can be far more clearly seen in these embryos owing to the greater transparency of the skin. In the young the chromato- phores are very regularly and symmetrically arranged, on the arms, head, and mantle. At this stage of development the eyes are brown. In these embryos a remnant of the yolk-sac (y), appears to protrude from the mouth, but it is really connected with the space around the mouth and pharynx, and into this it is eventually absorbed.

The more advanced of the embryos were capable of swimming about, when removed from the eggs, by means of the jets of water from the siphon (s), which is developed at an earlier stage. The arms (a@’’-a'""") are then short, blunt, very unequal, with few minute suckers; the dorsal arms are very small, while those of the 2d and 3d pairs are successively longer, and have distinct suckers; the ten- tacular arms (@’”’) are longer and larger than any of the others, and have larger suckers, which already, in some examples, can be seen to ,) are about as long as the 2d

form four rows; the ventral arms (a

pair, and bear several suckers. The mantle (7) is short, and the caudal fins (7°) are very small, short, lateral, and separately attached to each side of the blunt posterior end of the body, thus recalling their adult condition in Rossia. The eyes (e) are large and promi- nent; the rudimentary beak (d) and odontophore (/) are distinetly visible. The two otoliths (0) are very distinctly visible, as highly refracting ovate bodies, above the basal part of the siphon, one on each side. The ink-sac (7), attached to the rectum (¢), is conspicuous on account of its dark color; the gills (g) are provided with a small number of transverse processes; the heart (%) and the branchial auricles (/' h') are easily seen, while they continue to pulsate. The pen exists only in a rudimentary condition, as a thin cartilage. During July and August the young (fig. 5) from less than a quarter of an inch to an inch or more in length, swim free at the surface, and may often be taken in immense quantities with towing

A. E. Verrill— North American Cephalopods. 321

nets. They were particularly abundant in the summers of 1871 and 1873, in Vineyard Sound.

These young squids are devoured in inconceivable numbers by fishes of many kinds, and also by the adult squids of the same species, and by the larger jelly-fishes, and many other marine ani- mals. The larger sizes, and even the adults, are also greedily devoured by blue-fish, black-bass, striped-bass, weak-fish, mackerel, cod, and many other kinds of fishes. Therefore these “ squids” are really of great importance as food for our most valuable market fishes. They are extensively used as bait by the fishermen.

Rate of Growth.

I am not aware that any definite information has hitherto been published as to the rate of growth or length of life of any of our Cephalopods. By some writers it has been stated that the squids are all annual, but this seems to be a mere assumption, without any evidence for its basis.

Therefore, I have, for several years past, preserved large numbers of specimens of the young of Loligo Pealei, collected at different seasons and localities, in order to ascertain, if possible, the rate of growth and the size acquired during the first season, at least. One of the following tables (I) shows some of the data thus obtained.

There is considerable difficulty in ascertaining the age of these squids, owing to the fact that the spawning season extends through the whole summer, so that the young ones hatched early in June are as large by September as those that hatch in September are in the following spring. Owing to the same cause, most of the large lots of young squids taken in mid-summer include various sizes, from those just hatched up to those that are two or three inches long. They are often mixed with some of those of the previous year, con- siderably larger than the rest. Earlier in the season (in May and the first part of June), before the first-laid eggs begin to hatch, the young- est specimens taken (60 to 100" long) are presumed to belong to the later broods of the previous autumn, while those somewhat larger are believed to be from earlier broods of the previous summer, and to represent the growth of one year, very nearly.

Taking these principles as a guide, I have arrived at the following conclusions, from the data collected :

1. The young squids begin to hatch at least as early as the second week in June, on the southern coast of New England, and continue to hatch till the middle of September, and perhaps later,

322 A, EF. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

2. By the second week in July, the first hatched of the June squids have grown to the size in which the body (or mantle) is 30 to 48™™ long; but these are associated with others that are younger, of all sizes down to those just hatched. But they begin to show a dis- position to go in ‘‘schools” composed of individuals of somewhat similar sizes.

3. By the second week in August, the largest June squids have become 50 to 68™™" in length of body, and the later broods are 5 to 30™™ long. As before, with these sizes occur others of all ages down to those just hatched. It should be observed, however, that in those of our tabulated lots taken by the trawl, the very small sizes are absent, because they pass freely through the coarse meshes of the net.

4, By the second week in September, the June squids have the mantle 60 to 82™" long. All the grades of smaller ones’ still abound. A few larger specimens, taken the last of August, and in September, 84 to 110™” long, may belong to the June brood, but they may belong to those of the previous autumn.

5. In the first week of November, the larger young squids taken had acquired a mantle length of 79 to 85™™, but these are probably not the largest that might be found. Younger ones, probably hatched in September and October, 8 to 20" in length of body, occurred in vast numbers Novy. 1, 1874. The specimens taken Novem- ber 16, off Chesapeake Bay, having the mantle 70-90"™ long, probably belong to the schools hatched in summer.

6. In May and June the smallest squids taken, and believed to be those hatched in the previous September or October, have the man- tle 62 to 100" long. With these there are others of larger sizes, up to 152 to 188™™", and connected with the smaller ones by inter- mediate sizes. All these are believed to belong to the various broods of the previous season. In these, the sexual organs begin to increase in size and the external sexual characters begin to appear. ‘The males are of somewhat greater length than the females of the same age.

7. In July, mingled with the young of the season, in some lots, but more often in separate schools, we take young squids having the mantle 75 to 100™™ long. These we can connect by intermediate sizes with those of the previous year, taken in June. I regard these as somewhat less than a year old.

8. Beyond the first year it becomes very difficult to determine the age with certainty, for those of the first season begin, even in the autumn, to overlap in their sizes those of the previous year.

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A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods. 323

9. It is probable that those specimens which are taken in large quantities, while in breeding condition, during the latter part of May and in June, having the mantle 175 to 225"™ long in the females and 200 to 275™" long in the males, are two years old.

10. It is probable that the largest individuals taken, with the man- tle 300 to 425™™ long, are at least three years, and perhaps, in some cases, four years old. The very large specimens generally occur only in small schools and are mostly males. The females that occur with these very large males are often of much smaller size, and may be a year younger than their mates.

11. When squids of very different sizes occur together, in a school, it generally happens that the larger ones are engaged in devouring the smaller ones, as the contents of their stomachs clearly show. Therefore it is probable that those of similar age keep together in schools for mutual safety.

12. Among the adult specimens of var. pallida, taken in autumn, at Astoria, there are several young ones, from 75 to 120™" in length, with rudimentary reproductive organs. These may, perhaps, be the young of the year, hatched in June.

Distribution.

This species is found along the whole coast, from South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay.

It is the common squid from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod. In Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound it is very abundant, and is taken in large numbers in the fish-pounds and seines, and used, to a large extent, for bait. It is comparatively scarce, though not rare, north of Cape Cod. The young were trawled by us in many locali- ties, in Mass. Bay, in 1878. Large specimens were taken in the pounds at Provincetown, Mass., August, 1879. It was taken in con- siderable quantities, in breeding condition, in the fish-pounds on Cape Ann, near Gloucester, Mass., May, 1880, (var. borealis). It has not been observed north of Cape Ann. Its southern limit is not known to me, but it appears to have been found on the coast of South Caro- lina.

In depth, it has occurred from low-water mark to fifty fathoms. The eggs have often been taken by us in the trawl, in great abun- dance, at many localities along the southern shores of New England, in five to twenty-five fathoms.

It is known to be a very important element in the food-supply of the blue fish, tautog, sea-bass, striped bass, weak-fish, king-fish, and many other of our larger market fishes.

TRANS. CONN. ACAD., VOL. V. 40 FEBRUARY, 1881.

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A, FE. Verrili— North American Cephalopods.

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A, E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

334

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A. E. Verrill—North American Cephalopods.

J.—Specimens examined, mostly adult.

335

To illustrate distribution, etc.

[In last column ad. = adult; 6r. = breeding; in. = length of mantle in inches; 7. or

juv. = young; /g. = large.|

No. Locality. Fath. When Collected, | Received from peeecuacney) Typical variety. ae New Haven, Conn. = 1867 Mr. Hooes 1¢ _ New Haven, Conn. ah; yee G. H. Perkins |1 4 .. |Near New Haven Shore 1870 A. E. Verrill- /4 ad. h, k. Near New Haven Shore 1874 A. E. Verrill 64ad Ge Near New Haven Shore 1876 A. EK. Verrill {6 ad. 1G New Haven harbor | Shore} May 18,1880 |A. E. Verrill 4 1 lg. br. _. |Long Island Shore ee C. C. Byrne 1 juv. a’, b’,00 |Noank, Conn, Shore| August, 1874 |U.S. Fish Com.| 6 3 large .. |Noank, Conn. 3-4 | August 5, 1874 |U.S. Fish Com.|4 young .. |Noank, Conn. 6-8 | August 24, 1874 |U.8. Fish Com.|8 juv. _. |Vineyard Sound, Ms.) Shore |Jl. and Aug., 71)/U.S. Fish Com./72 ad. _.. |Vineyard Sound, Ms.} 5-8 |JJ. and Aug., 71)U.S. Fish Com.|30 ad. -- |Menemsha Shore} August, 1874 |V.N. Edwards|¢1. 92 _. |Vineyard Sound Shore |Jl. and Aug., °75|U.S. Fish Com.|7 ad. _. |Vineyard Sound 5-12 |July 12-26, 1875/U. S. Fish Com.|Eggs & y’ng _. |Vineyard Sound 5-16 | Aug. 4, 5, 1875 |U.S. Fish Com,|Young _. |Vineyard Sound 6-20 | Sept. 15,1875 |U.S. Fish Com.|5 young .. |Vineyard Sound Shore |October 13, 1875)V. N. Edwards }83=5-7°5 in. ie: Vineyard Sound Shore |October 14, 1875|V. N. Edwards |3=5-7 in. a-e€ Vineyard Sound Shore |October 14, 1875|V. N. Edwards | ¢ 5 large _. |Vineyard Sound Shore |October 20, 1875|V. N. Edwards |5=4-5 in. .. |Vineyard Sound Shore| Nov. 1, 1875 |V.N. Edwards }1=6 in. _. |Vineyard Sound Shore | April 30,1876 |V. N. Edwards | 410: 93 -- |Vineyard Sound Shore} May 15,1876 |V. N. Edwards |3=6-7 in. D-W Vineyard Sound Shore |May and June, '76)V. N. Edwards | ¢ 15: 9 4ad .. |Vineyard Sound Shore| June 3,1876 |V.N. Edwards | 4 3=5-6 in X. Y. Z.| Vineyard Sound Shore| June 6, 1876 j|V. N. Edwards | 4 3 large AA-HH|Vineyard Sound Shore June, 1876 V. N. Edwards |39 ad.: 9 12 1V-60V |Vineyard Sound Shore| May 28,1880 |V. N. Edwards | 6 48: 2 12br. _. |Narragansett Bay Shore 1880 Samuel Powell |10 ad. Al Hyannis, Mass. Shore} August, 1880 aS ot 41 very lg. _. |Narragansett Bay Shore! July 27, 1880 |U.S. Fish Com. |6 j.=3-3°7 in. -. |Off Newport, R. I. 16-26 | August 7, 1880 |U.S. Fish Com. |5j.=35-6-bin. .. {Off Pt. Judith, R. I. 19 | August 14, 1880 |U.S. Fish Com. }2j.=1:1-1-4in _. |Off Cuttyhunk Island) 17 Sept. 3, 1880 |U.S. Fish Com. |2=5-1-5:5in. .. |South of Block Island] 252 (?), Sept. 13, 1880 |U.S. Fish Com.}14 juy. .. |Off Chesapeake Bay 18 Nov. 16, 1880 |Z. L. Tanner 32 juv. Variety borealis. An.1-3.g|Annisquam, Mass. Shore July, 1878 A. Hyatt 2 3 ad. br. -- |Glouce’r, M.,tide-pool| Shore July, 1878 |A.E. Verrill |2 juv. .. |Massachusetts Bay Ny Sept. 21, 1878 |U.S. Fish Com.]11 juv. .. |Off Cape Cod 42 Sept. 26, 1879 |U.S. Fish Com.|1 juv. 2 Provincetown, Mass. | Shore July, 1879 J. H. Blake 3 large 2G-15G |Cape Ann, Mass. Shore} May 18, 1880 |A. H. Clarke [15 ad. br. _. |Cape Ann, Mass. Shore | October, 1880 |A. H. Clarke 65:23 juv. .. |Salem, Mass. Shore sae J. H. Emerton | 61:92 ad, Variety pallida. A-Z Astoria, N. Y. Shore | Nov.—Dec., 1870 |Robt. Benner | 617: 29 a-t Astoria, N. Y. Shore | Nov.-Dec., 1870 |Robt. Benner | 6 920 ad. 1-10 Astoria, N. Y. Shore | Nov.—Dec., 1870 |Robt. Benner | 4 Qad. = Shore 1872 A. E. Verrill _|1, bass stom.

Gr’t Egg Harbor, N.J.

336 A, E. Verrill— North